Development of a Teaching Program on The State of the Salt Ingestion Which Prevents Heatstroke and High Blood Pressure

In vitro enzymatic profiles for tofacitinib and PIK-294. (DOC 35 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Additive anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in COPD CD8 cells

Effect of GSK256066, Roflumilast and Forskolin on release of IL-2 in peripheral blood CD8 cells. Peripheral blood CD8 cells from healthy non-smokers (n = 2) were pre-treated with stated concentrations of GSK256066 (A), Roflumilast (B) or Forskolin (C) for 1 h prior to stimulation with anti-CD2/3/28 beads for 24 h. Supernatants were harvested and interleukin 2 (IL-2) was measured by ELISA. Data presented as mean ± SE % inhibition of IL-2. (PNG 43 kb

Additional file 1: of Additive anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in COPD CD8 cells

Supplementary data and Tables S1 & S2. (DOCX 20 kb

Genes identified within functional annotation cluster relating to T Cell Receptor signalling.

<p>Affymetrix ID: Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 probe set identifier; Fold Change: Fold change in gene expression from peripheral blood to pulmonary samples.</p

The expression of CD247 by airway CD8 cells.

<p>Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was obtained from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n = 7), smokers with normal lung function (S, n = 4) and healthy non-smokers (HNS, n = 8). Cells were labelled with anti-CD8 (green) and anti-CD247 (red). Nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue). Top panel: Representative images of COPD BAL cells. Merged image displays a CD8+CD247+ cell (yellow, arrow), a CD8+CD247- cell (green, arrow head) and a CD8-CD247+ (red). Lower panel: Percentage of BAL CD8 cells positive for CD247 in COPD, S and HNS. Statistical significance indicated by *p<0.05. Data was analysed by Kruskall-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test if p<0.05.</p

Subject demographics.

<p>Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (range). BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; S: smoker with normal lung function; HNS: healthy non-smoker; M: male; F: female, FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; L: litres; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; pk yrs: cigarette pack years. Statistically significant differences for COPD compared to S and/or HNS represented by *p<0.05.</p

Comparison of blood to lung fold change of T cell receptor signalling genes measured by micro-array and PCR.

<p>Gene expression levels of CD247, Leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK); Linker of activated T cells (LAT); VAV2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (VAV2) and VAV3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (VAV3) were measured by both human U133 plus 2 affymetrix gene assay and by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fold change from blood to lung is charted. Statistically significant differences between blood and pulmonary levels measured by PCR are indicated by *p<0.05, **p<0.001. Statistically significant differences between blood and pulmonary levels measured by microarray are indicated by † Q<0.01.</p

Principal component analysis of COPD blood and pulmonary CD8 cells and smoker pulmonary CD8 cells.

<p>Principal component analysis of the micro-array data sets for paired blood (red circles) and pulmonary (blue circles) COPD CD8 cells (n = 6) and pulmonary smoker CD8 cells (Blue triangles, n = 6) was performed. Principal components 1 and 2 are charted accounting for 62.5% of all variation.</p

Additional file 3: of The effects of corticosteroids on COPD lung macrophages: a pooled analysis

Correlations of corticosteroid cytokine inhibition. Correleations were made between TNF-α and IL-6 (a–c), TNF-α and CXCL8 (d–f) and IL-6 and CXCL8 (g–i) release from NS (a, d and g), S (b, e, and h) and COPD patients (c, f and i). Data shown are individual data points where r represents the Spearman Rank coefficient. (PPTX 895 kb

Additional file 7: Figure S2. of Anti-inflammatory potential of PI3Kδ and JAK inhibitors in asthma patients

Comparison of % inhibition of IFNγ, IL-13 and IL-17 for dexamethasone, tofacitinib and PIK-294. BAL cells from asthma patients (n = 12) and healthy subjects (n = 11) were treated with dexamethasone, tafacitinib or PIK-294 for 1 h before being stimulated with antibodies against CD3 and CD28 to induce a TCR-specific response. Cytokines were measured by ELISA and data is presented as the mean (+/− SEM) % inhibition in relation to the stimulated no drug control. (PPTX 742 kb