Vertebral and dental anomalies found in Scandinavian wolves born between 1978 and 2010.

<p>Vertebral and dental anomalies found in Scandinavian wolves born between 1978 and 2010.</p

Wolf NRM 20115024 with pronounced overshot and an uncomfortable jaw closure.

<p>The mandibular canine (tooth 404), see arrow, caused palatal trauma near the maxillary canine (tooth 104). Photo by J. Räikkönen.</p

Appendix C. Mean pack size tends to increase with total population density for the Northern Range wolf population (1996–2011).

Mean pack size tends to increase with total population density for the Northern Range wolf population (1996–2011)

Normal canine occlusion in comparison with malocclusion of wolf NRM 20095298.

<p>The normal mandibular canine fits in the diastema between the maxillary third incisor and the maxillary canine, see arrow in panel (a). The malocclusion shows a mesioverted canine (tooth 204). Because of the anomaly the normal diastema is absent, see arrow in panel (b). This precludes normal mandibular canine occlusion that resulted in overshot jaw and palatal trauma from the right mandibular canine (tooth 404). The trauma led to periodontal damage of the right third maxillary incisor (tooth 103). Photos by J. Räikkönen.</p

The relationship between year of birth and incidence of congenital pathology.

<p>We included 171 Scandinavian wolves born between 1978 and 2010. The wolf born in 1978 is the founding immigrant female. The solid line is the predicted logistic regression line, which includes an estimate for the slope and intercept. The dashed line is the weighted average of two models, the model that includes an estimate of the slope and intercept and a model including only an intercept (i.e., assumes no trend). Each circle is the proportion of wolves observed for a particular year with some kind of congenital pathology. The size of each circle represents the number of wolves observed each year. There are five sizes of circle, representing sample sizes of 1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, and 9 to 19.</p

Appendix B. Standardized regression coefficients for two models, each aiming to predict the volume of intersection in summer.

Standardized regression coefficients for two models, each aiming to predict the volume of intersection in summer

Appendix A. Number of seasons (divided by pack) for which we had sufficient sample size to estimate Utilization Distributions.

Number of seasons (divided by pack) for which we had sufficient sample size to estimate Utilization Distributions

dryad_data

Data used for analysis for manuscript and figures

Carcass locations and kill zones, resulting from the core estimation of the kernel density estimates, for prime and senescent moose killed by wolves in Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, USA, 2000–2008.

<p>Carcass locations and kill zones, resulting from the core estimation of the kernel density estimates, for prime and senescent moose killed by wolves in Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, USA, 2000–2008.</p

The observed values (plotted with black circles and black line) in relation to distance (km) between locations of a) prime moose and b) senescent moose carcasses in Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, USA, 2000–2008.

<p>Expected L(t) values are represented by the horizontal line at 0, 99% confidence intervals are depicted with the hatched lines, and significant spatial clustering of carcass locations at the α = 0.01 level is represented by the grey shading.</p