Solubility of protein extract as a function of pH obtained from experiments using 0.1M NaOH with v/w of 40 for 2h at different temperatures.

<p>◆: 25°C;: <b>□</b> 60°C; ▲:95°C.</p

Morphology of GTR tissues after a 2h treatment with 40 v/w solution (scale bar: 100μm).

<p>a. GTR treated with water at 25°C. b. GTR treated with 0.05M NaOH at 95°C. c. GTR treated with 0.1M NaOH at 25°C. d. GTR treated with 0.1M NaOH at 60°C. e. GTR treated with 0.1M NaOH at 95°C.</p

Weight based correlation of extracted pectin related sugars with extracted protein (%,W_Protein) by using 0.1M NaOH with 40 v/w at ◆: 25; □: 60°C; ▲ 95°C.

<p>a. Galacturonic acid (%,W_{<b>Galacturonic Acid</b>}). b. Rhamnose (%,W_{<b>Rhamnose</b>}). c. Galactose (%,W_{<b>Galactose</b>}). d. Arabinose (%,W_{<b>Arabinose</b>}).</p

Correlation of extracted cellulose and hemi-cellulose related sugars with extracted protein (%,W_Protein) by using 0.1M NaOH with 40 v/w at ◆: 25°C; □: 60°C; ▲ 95°C.

<p>a. Xylose (%,W_{<b>Xylose</b>}). b. Glucose (%,W_{<b>Glucose</b>}).</p

Correlation of extract undetermined components (%,W_{Non-determined Components}) with extracted protein (%,W_Protein) by using 0.1M NaOH with 40 v/w at ◆: 25°C; □: 60°C; ▲ 95°C.

<p>Correlation of extract undetermined components (%,W_{Non-determined Components}) with extracted protein (%,W_Protein) by using 0.1M NaOH with 40 v/w at ◆: 25°C; □: 60°C; ▲ 95°C.</p

Integrated leaf biorefinery concept.

<p>Numbers are estimated based on results with green tea residue (GTR).</p

Fractional Precipitation of Amino Acids from Agro-industrial Residues Using Ethanol

Amino acids are important in human and animal diet, as well as being potential feedstocks for chemical production. Amino acids can be obtained from protein after hydrolysis. In addition, several agro-industrial residues already contain a mixture of free amino acids. The objective of this study was to develop a method for amino acids separation, starting from mixtures containing amino acids, and using antisolvent precipitation with ethanol. Protamylasse, rubber seed protein hydrolysates, and grass juice were used in the experiments, representing existing and potential agro-industrial residues. Our results show that in a water–ethanol system, some amino acids had lower solubility in mixtures than as a single component, thereby facilitating precipitation. A sufficiently high total amino acid concentration in the mixture is needed to achieve precipitation; therefore, a concentration step is sometimes required. Ethanol precipitation can be applied as a pretreatment to separate mixtures into groups of amino acids or a polishing step to increase purity

Lipase-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Reaction on Acrylate Derivatives

A methodology has been developed for an efficient and selective lipase-catalyzed aza-Michael reaction of various amines (primary and secondary) with a series of acrylates and alkylacrylates. Reaction parameters were tuned, and under the optimal conditions it was found that <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> lipase and <i>Chromobacterium viscosum</i> lipase showed the highest selectivity for the aza-Michael addition to substituted alkyl acrylates. For the first time also, some CLEAs were examined that showed a comparable or higher selectivity and yield than the free enzymes and other formulations