The locations of the honey samples analysed using DNA metabarcoding and melissopalynology.

<p>Honey samples were provided by domestic beekeepers from hives located in gardens or smallholdings. The vegetation surrounding the hives was characterised based on descriptions from the beekeepers and observation of aerial images. H1 and H1_2 were two samples taken from the same hive.</p><p>The locations of the honey samples analysed using DNA metabarcoding and melissopalynology.</p

Species and genera found in more than one honey sample for DNA metabarcoding and melissopalynology.

<p>Species and genera found in more than one honey sample for DNA metabarcoding and melissopalynology.</p

The similarity of plant taxa found in nine honey samples using DNA metabarcoding and melissopalynology.

<p>The number of taxa detected (at family, genus or species level) is divided into those found with both techniques and those found using only one method. The taxa found using melissopalynology only are further subdivided into those where multiple pollen grains were found and those characterised with just a single grain. The values in the pie chart are the % of taxa within each category.</p

Ability of the DNA barcode markers <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK</i> to discriminate the Welsh flora.

<p>Discrimination (%) at species, genus and family level for <i>rbcL</i>, <i>matK</i> and both markers combined using monophyletic groups in Neighbour-Joining trees (Tree), BLASTn searches (BLAST) and barcode gap analysis using pairwise (Barcode gap pairwise) and multiple alignments (Barcode gap multiple). Species level discrimination for monophyletic groups in Neighbour-Joining trees is divided into bootstrap support values of ‘any’, >50% and >70% based on 1000 bootstrap replicates. Discrimination uses 808 species for which multiple individuals were DNA barcoded for both <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i> Species with single sequences were included in the analyses as sources of discrimination failure. For a complete list of which species can be discriminated using the different methods see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037945#pone.0037945.s006" target="_blank">Dataset S3</a>.</p

Species discrimination for the orders of flowering plants and conifers found within Wales.

<p>Species discrimination (%) for <i>rbcL</i>, <i>matK</i> and both combined across the 34 orders of flowering plants and conifers found within the Welsh flora. Discrimination is assessed using three methods; barcode gap using multiple alignments (Barcode gap), monophyletic groups in Neighbour-Joining trees (Tree) and BLASTn searches (BLAST). To allow for comparison across the markers and methods 808 species for which multiple individuals were sequenced for both <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK</i> were used, but species with single sequences were included as a source of discrimination failure. The number of species per order in the Welsh flora (out of the 808) is shown in brackets next to the order name. Pearson correlation coefficients and associated p-values for the relationship between the number of species per order and % species discrimination success are shown.</p

Recoverability of the orders of flowering plants and conifers found within Wales using herbarium and fresh material.

<p>Recoverability (%) of <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK</i> across the 34 orders of seed plants found within the Welsh flora. Results are based on 3637 herbarium and 635 freshly collected specimens. White cells denote orders for which fresh specimens were not collected.</p

Effect of herbarium specimen age on recoverability (%).

<p>Using 3607 herbarium specimens ranging in age from 1899–2008, samples were divided into 11 age classes and Spearman rank correlation used to test for a relationship between age class and recoverability (%) using the DNA barcode loci, <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i></p

Summary statistics for the 1143 species of Welsh flora DNA barcoded using <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i>

<p>Summary statistics for the 1143 species of Welsh flora DNA barcoded using <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i></p

Sequence quality of DNA barcodes from herbarium and fresh material for <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i>

<p>For a complete list of quality values for each DNA barcode see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037945#pone.0037945.s005" target="_blank">Dataset S2</a>. For CBOL PWG criteria see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037945#s4" target="_blank">Methods and Analysis</a>.</p

Interspecific and intraspecific divergence for <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK.</i>

<p>Levels of divergence were determined using uncorrected p-distances calculated from multiple alignments. Interspecific divergence includes only those genera with more than 1 species per genus (<i>rbcL</i> 199, <i>matK</i> 184 genera). Intraspecific divergence includes only those species with more than 1 individual sampled per species (<i>rbcL</i> 1041, <i>matK</i> 814 species).</p