Impacts on Natural Enemies and Competitor Thrips of Insecticides against the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Fruiting Vegetables

Newer, selective insecticides with few negative impacts on natural enemies and competitor species are needed for effective, sustainable management of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts on natural enemies and competitor thrips species of insecticides used for control of western flower thrips in fruiting vegetables. Trials with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and with pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were conducted to evaluate insecticide treatment effects on western flower thrips and natural enemies at the North Florida in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. A number of insecticides from different classes showed moderate to high efficacy against western flower thrips. The broad-spectrum insecticides acetamiprid, methomyl, and tolfenpyrad demonstrated activity against the pest, while also reducing populations of the key predator of thrips in pepper, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Insecticides that showed little impact on populations of O. insidiosus were cyantraniliprole, flonicamid, spirotetramat, and terpenes. Although only moderately active against the western flower thrips, they would be valuable additions to existing management programs for pepper. Insecticides with activity against western flower thrips also showed activity against Frankliniella tritici (Fitch). This non-damaging congener species is a beneficial because it out-competes the western flower thrips, especially in tomato where O. insidiosus is not a major factor in western flower thrips management. Numerous insecticides were identified with activity against the western flower thrips that are suitable for use in integrated pest management programs of fruiting vegetables.Keywords: Pepper, Biological insecticides, Biological control, Reduced-risk insecticides, Orius, Tomat

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida

BACKGROUND: The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips-vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic ‘3-R’ situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips being eliminated; replacement by various other pests. This paper reports on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables that are effective, economical, ecologically sound and sustainable. RESULTS: The components include the following: define pest status (economic thresholds); increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competition); integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultraviolet-reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, companion plants and fertility); vertically integrate the programs with other pests; continually communicate latest science-based management tactics with end-users. CONCLUSION: These programs have been widely implemented in Florida and have significantly improved the management of western flower thrips and thrips-transmitted viruses.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society of Chemical Industry and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291526-4998Keywords: thrips, fruiting vegetables, tospovirus, integrated pest management, Frankliniella occidentali

FIGURE 6. California, 1997 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 6. California, 1997. Laurence Mound with Diane Ullman and colleagues at the University of California, Davis.Published as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

FIGURE 10 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 10. (A) Publication and (B) citation data for Laurence Mound. Afull list of Laurence Mound's publications is available on the web: http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/LAM_pubs.pdfPublished as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

FIGURE 3. Washington, D. C., 1976 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 3. Washington, D. C., 1976, just elected as Honorary Secretary/Treasurer of the Permanent Committee for International Congresses of Entomology. Mound seated at left with Paul Freeman, his predecessor; standing next to him Ray Smith (California, USA); seated at the right is Baccio Baccetti (Italy); Doug Waterhouse (Australia) standing in the center.Published as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

FIGURE 1 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 1. Laurence Mound's first employment as an entomologist for the Federal Department of Agricultural Research, Ibadan, Nigeria in 1960.Published as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

FIGURE 11 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 11. Laurence Mound at 76 years of age. (Photo by Kambiz Minaei).Published as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

FIGURE 5 in Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

FIGURE 5. Smolenice, Czechoslovakia, 1985, Congress of European Thysanopterists. Laurence Mound with Jenny Palmer, Trevor Lewis, and Jaroslav Pelikan.Published as part of <i>Funderburk, Joe & Hoddle, Mark, 2011, Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera, pp. 9-36 in Zootaxa 2896 (1)</i> on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10095651">http://zenodo.org/record/10095651</a&gt

Laurence Alfred Mound and his contributions to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera

Laurence Alfred Mound became interested in taxonomy after two postgraduate periods at the British Museum of Natural History (now the Natural History Museum) in London where he discovered biological diversity and the endless variety of living things. While working in Nigeria and the Sudan, and studying variation in whitefly populations, he gained an appreciation for the great differences within species in behavior and morphology under varying environmental conditions. He was appointed to the British Museum of Natural History in 1964 where he worked on the taxonomy of thrips, whiteflies, and aphids until he retired as Keeper of Entomology in 1992. He now lives in Canberra, Australia, serving as an Honorary Research Fellow, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences at the Black Mountain Campus. Driving questions motivate him and provide insight into his thinking of the natural world: Why are there so many species of insects, yet so few species of thrips? Why so many at one place but so few at another? Do environmental and host plant factors drive the astonishing levels of morphological variation seen in singl