Location of epistatic QTLs for seed reserve utilization related traits on linkage groups in joint analysis of three germination stages.

<p>SDW: seedling dry weight; WMSR: weight of mobilized seed reserve; SRUE: seed reserve utilization efficiency. The chromosome names are listed on the top left of the bar; the map distances (cM) are shown below the bar and the markers are shown above the bar.</p

Parental combinations predicted from RILs of seed reserve utilization related traits.

a<p>SDW: seedling dry weight; WMSR: weight of mobilized seed reserve; SRUE: seed reserve utilization efficiency.</p

Additive QTLs for seed vigor identified using single-maturity phenotypic values by QTL Cartographer in 2012.

a<p>Seeds were collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading;</p>b<p>GP, Germination potential; GR, germination rate; GI, germination index; T₅₀, time for 50% of germination;</p>c<p>Chromosome on which the QTL was located;</p>d<p>Additive effect is the effect of substituting an IR26 allele for a Jiucaiqing allele; Its positive value indicates that IR26 has the positive allele; The case of negative values is just the opposite;</p>e<p>Variation explained by each putative QTL.</p><p>Additive QTLs for seed vigor identified using single-maturity phenotypic values by QTL Cartographer in 2012.</p

Phenotypic values of seed vigor among the parents and RIL population at three maturity stages in 2012.

a<p>Seeds were collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading stages;</p>b<p>GP, Germination potential, %; GR, germination rate, %; GI, germination index; T₅₀, time for 50% of germination, d;</p>c<p>Mean ± SD (standard deviation);* and ** significance at the 5% and 1% level according to Student's <i>t</i> test;</p>d<p>RIL sample size n = 150, replications r = 3; SD standard deviation; <i>σ_G²</i>, genetic variance; <i>σ_e²</i>, error variance; <i>H_B²</i>, heritability (%); <i>P</i> value, the significant difference of seed vigor among RILs according to Student's <i>t</i> test.</p><p>Phenotypic values of seed vigor among the parents and RIL population at three maturity stages in 2012.</p

Phenotype of high and low vigor bulks in seeds collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading in 2013.

<p>(a) germination potential (%); (b) germination rate (%); (c) germination index; (d) time for 50% of germination (d); ** significance at the 1% level according to Student's <i>t</i> test.</p

Temporal dynamics of additive QTL at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading in 2012 and 2013.

<p>Temporal dynamics of additive QTL at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading in 2012 and 2013.</p

The phenotypes of seed reserve utilization related traits among the selected RILs and two parents at three germination stages.

<p>The phenotypes of seed reserve utilization related traits among the selected RILs and two parents at three germination stages.</p

Additive QTL × development interactions for seed vigor identified in joint analysis of three-maturity values by QTLNetwork in 2012.

a<p>Seeds were collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading; GP, Germination potential; GR, germination rate; GI, germination index; T₅₀, time for 50% of germination;</p>b<p>Chromosome on which the QTL was located;</p>c<p>A represents the estimated additive effects of additive QTL; ^** indicates significance at the level of 1%; its positive value indicates that Jiucaiqing has the positive allele and the case of negative values is just the opposite;</p>d<p>AD1, AD2 and AD3 represents the additive effect of additive QTL for the vigor of seeds collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading, respectively; its positive value indicates that Jiucaiqing has the positive allele and the case of negative values is just the opposite;</p>e<p>r² (A) represents the phenotypic variation explained by the additive QTL; r² (AD) represents the phenotypic variation explained by the additive QTL × development interactions.</p><p>Additive QTL × development interactions for seed vigor identified in joint analysis of three-maturity values by QTLNetwork in 2012.</p

Epistatic QTL for seed vigor identified in joint analysis of three-maturity values by QTLNetwork in 2012.

a<p>Seeds were collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading; GP, Germination potential; GR, germination rate; GI, germination index; T₅₀, time for 50% of germination;</p>b<p>Chromosome on which the QTL was located;</p>c<p>AA represents the estimated additive effects of epistatic QTL; ^** indicates significance at the level of 1%; its positive value indicates that two loci genotypes being the same as those in parent Jiucaiqing (or IR26) take the positive effects, while the two-loci recombinants take the negative effects;</p>d<p>AAD1, AAD2 and AAD3 represents the additive effect of epistatic QTL for the vigor of seeds collected at 4, 5 and 6 weeks after heading, respectively; its positive value indicates that two loci genotypes being the same as those in parent Jiucaiqing (or IR26) take the positive effects, while the two-loci recombinants take the negative effects;</p>e<p>r² (AA) represents the phenotypic variation explained by the epistatic QTL; r² (AAD) represents the phenotypic variation explained by the epistatic QTL × development interactions.</p><p>Epistatic QTL for seed vigor identified in joint analysis of three-maturity values by QTLNetwork in 2012.</p

Unconditional and conditional QTL for seed reserve utilization related traits at three germination stages.

<p>* The unconditional QTL at day 6 stage is same with the conditional QTL during day 0 to 6 stage. The circle size represents the magnitude of phenotypic variance explained by each QTL. Yellow circle indicates that the positive allele of Jiucaiqing could increase the value of traits. Green circle indicates that the positive allele of IR26 could increase the value of traits.</p