Mosquito miRNAs deposited in different databases (as of October 12, 2016).

<p>Mosquito miRNAs deposited in different databases (as of October 12, 2016).</p

Prediction and validation of 4 randomly selected NTRs.

<p>The RNA samples used for validation were extracted from 50% epiboly. RNA-seq: RNA-Seq tracks (red boxes) based on the pooled RNA-Seq data; NTRs: Predicted structures of putative NTRs by our pipeline. Blue boxes represent fragments; Amplicons: Validations of the predicted NTR structures by RT-PCR. “Chr” indicates chromosome. A. NTR50; B. NTR88; C. NTR103; and D. NTR145.</p

Rapid Oxidation of Ammonia Nitrogen to Nitrogen Gas by UV-Activated Persulfate with Calcium Oxide

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removing ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) are of increasing interest in wastewater treatment. In this paper, the UV-activated persulfate (PS) process with CaO was applied to oxidize NH4+-N to nitrogen gas (N2). Nearly all of the NH4+-N (30 mg N/L) could be removed within 15 min, and the N2 selectivity was achieved at 95.0%. The addition of CaO made NH4+-N exist in the form of NH3, and HO• was the critical reactive species for NH4+-N oxidation. NO, N2H4, and NO2– were identified as oxidation intermediates and could be further removed. The reaction between N2H4 and NO2– with the assistance of UV/CaO promoted N2 generation during NH4+-N oxidation. The increased dosages of CaO (0.2 to 4.0 g/L) and PS (0.6 to 2.4 g/L) could enhance the NH4+-N oxidation, while the presence of CO32– (100 mM) significantly retarded the removal of NH4+-N. As high removal of NH4+-N (100%) and high N2 selectivity (>79.5%) could be achieved in lake water and secondary wastewater, the proposed UV/PS/CaO process could be potentially applied for the oxidation of NH4+-N in practical water treatment

Position of discovered NTRs in the zebrafish genome.

<p>The USCS Zebrafish Genome Graphs tool was used to generate the figure. The 152 NTRs with approximate genomic positions (vertical lines in black) were detected on each chromosome (represented by grey bars) of the zebrafish genome. The NTRs marked with crosses were validated using RT-PCR, and those marked with asterisks were evaluated using qRT-PCR.</p

Differentially expressed miRNAs in mosquito tissues or organs.

<p>a) Differentially expressed miRNAs in the mosquito head; b) Differentially expressed miRNAs in the mosquito thorax; c) Differentially expressed miRNAs in the mosquito gut; d) Differentially expressed miRNAs in the mosquito fat body; e) Differentially expressed miRNAs in mosquito salivary glands; f) Differentially expressed miRNAs in mosquito testes; and g) Differentially expressed miRNAs in mosquito ovaries. The red color represents highly expressed miRNAs and the yellow color represents exclusively expressed miRNAs.</p

MOESM2 of Enzyme disintegration with spatial resolution reveals different distributions of sludge extracellular polymer substances

Additional file 2. ANOVA analysis of polysaccharides, protein and eDNA contents in supernatant and TB-EPS. In order to distinguish the effect of control group and experiment group at the same pH, ANOVA analysis was applied on the contents of polysaccharides, protein and eDNA in supernatant and TB-EPS fraction. pH 4.0 group includes pH 4.0 control and pectinase-added group; pH 6.9 group includes pH 6.9 control, amylase-added group and proteinase-added group; pH 8.0 group includes pH 8.0 control, cellulase-added group and DNase-added group. Supernatant and TB-EPS are the two representatives of the four fractions. The P-values of each group (pH 4.0, pH 6.9 and pH 8.0) are presented

Differentially expressed miRNAs in the mosquito life cycle from egg to adult.

<p>a) Differentially expressed miRNAs in eggs; b) Differentially expressed miRNAs in larvae; c) Differentially expressed miRNAs in pupae; and d) Differentially expressed miRNAs in adults. The red color represents highly expressed miRNAs, the green color represents low expressed miRNAs, the yellow color represents exclusively expressed miRNAs, and the black color represents no miRNA expression.</p

Flow chart diagram of systematic review.

<p>Flow chart diagram of systematic review.</p

Putative NTRs without annotation in NCBI Zebrafish Annotation.

<p>Putative NTRs without annotation in NCBI Zebrafish Annotation.</p

PGRP-LD mediates <i>A</i>. <i>stephensi</i> vector competency by regulating homeostasis of microbiota-induced peritrophic matrix synthesis

<div><p>Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and commensal microbes mediate pathogen infection outcomes in insect disease vectors. Although PGRP-LD is retained in multiple vectors, its role in host defense remains elusive. Here we report that <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> PGRP-LD protects the vector from malaria parasite infection by regulating gut homeostasis. Specifically, knock down of PGRP-LD (dsLD) increased susceptibility to <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> infection, decreased the abundance of gut microbiota and changed their spatial distribution. This outcome resulted from a change in the structural integrity of the peritrophic matrix (PM), which is a chitinous and proteinaceous barrier that lines the midgut lumen. Reduction of microbiota in dsLD mosquitoes due to the upregulation of immune effectors led to dysregulation of PM genes and PM fragmentation. Elimination of gut microbiota in antibiotic treated mosquitoes (Abx) led to PM loss and increased vectorial competence. Recolonization of Abx mosquitoes with indigenous <i>Enterobacter sp</i>. restored PM integrity and decreased mosquito vectorial capacity. Silencing PGRP-LD in mosquitoes without PM didn’t influence their vector competence. Our results indicate that PGPR-LD protects the gut microbiota by preventing hyper-immunity, which in turn promotes PM structurally integrity. The intact PM plays a key role in limiting <i>P</i>. <i>berghei</i> infection.</p></div