479 research outputs found
Thermodynamic modelling of wax and integrated wax-hydrate
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Wnt Signaling in Neural Crest Ontogenesis and Oncogenesis.
Neural crest (NC) cells are a temporary population of multipotent stem cells that generate a diverse array of cell types, including craniofacial bone and cartilage, smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, and peripheral neurons and glia during embryonic development. Defective neural crest development can cause severe and common structural birth defects, such as craniofacial anomalies and congenital heart disease. In the early vertebrate embryos, NC cells emerge from the dorsal edge of the neural tube during neurulation and then migrate extensively throughout the anterior-posterior body axis to generate numerous derivatives. Wnt signaling plays essential roles in embryonic development and cancer. This review summarizes current understanding of Wnt signaling in NC cell induction, delamination, migration, multipotency, and fate determination, as well as in NC-derived cancers
Towards singular optimality in the presence of local initial knowledge
The Knowledge Till rho CONGEST model is a variant of the classical CONGEST
model of distributed computing in which each vertex v has initial knowledge of
the radius-rho ball centered at v. The most commonly studied variants of the
CONGEST model are KT0 CONGEST in which nodes initially know nothing about their
neighbors and KT1 CONGEST in which nodes initially know the IDs of all their
neighbors. It has been shown that having access to neighbors' IDs (as in the
KT1 CONGEST model) can substantially reduce the message complexity of
algorithms for fundamental problems such as BROADCAST and MST. For example,
King, Kutten, and Thorup (PODC 2015) show how to construct an MST using just
Otilde(n) messages in the KT1 CONGEST model, whereas there is an Omega(m)
message lower bound for MST in the KT0 CONGEST model. Building on this result,
Gmyr and Pandurangen (DISC 2018) present a family of distributed randomized
algorithms for various global problems that exhibit a trade-off between message
and round complexity. These algorithms are based on constructing a sparse,
spanning subgraph called a danner. Specifically, given a graph G and any delta
in [0,1], their algorithm constructs (with high probability) a danner that has
diameter Otilde(D + n^{1-delta}) and Otilde(min{m,n^{1+delta}}) edges in
Otilde(n^{1-delta}) rounds while using Otilde(min{m,n^{1+\delta}}) messages,
where n, m, and D are the number of nodes, edges, and the diameter of G,
respectively. In the main result of this paper, we show that if we assume the
KT2 CONGEST model, it is possible to substantially improve the time-message
trade-off in constructing a danner. Specifically, we show in the KT2 CONGEST
model, how to construct a danner that has diameter Otilde(D + n^{1-2delta}) and
Otilde(min{m,n^{1+delta}}) edges in Otilde(n^{1-2delta}) rounds while using
Otilde(min{m,n^{1+\delta}}) messages for any delta in [0,1/2]
Strong Optical and UV Intermediate-Width Emission Lines in the Quasar SDSS J232444.80-094600.3: Dust-Free and Intermediate-Density Gas at the Skin of Dusty Torus ?
Emission lines from the broad emission line region (BELR) and the narrow
emission line region (NELR) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are extensively
studied. However, between these two regions emission lines are rarely detected.
We present a detailed analysis of a quasar SDSS J232444.80-094600.3 (SDSS
J23240946), which is remarkable for its strong intermediate-width emission
lines (IELs) with FWHM 1800 \kmps. The IEL component is presented in
different emission lines, including the permitted lines \lya\ 1216,
\civ\ 1549, semiforbidden line \ciii\ 1909, and forbidden
lines \oiii\ 4959, 5007. With the aid of photo-ionization
models, we found that the IELs are produced by gas with a hydrogen density of
, a distance to the central
ionizing source of pc, a covering factor of CF 6\%, and a
dust-to-gas ratio of times of SMC. We suggest that the strong IELs
of this quasar are produced by nearly dust-free and intermediate-density gas
located at the skin of the dusty torus. Such strong IELs, served as a useful
diagnose, can provide an avenue to study the properties of gas between the BELR
and the NELR
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