Out-of-sample predictive accuracy across different models.

<p>Out-of-sample predictive accuracy across different models.</p

Conditional density plots for death and damage rates versus maximum seawall heights.

<p>Here the response variables are binary, representing whether death and damage rates are above or below their median values. For a given seawall height, a greater proportion of red means lower death or damage rates, while a greater proportion of gray means higher death or damage rates.</p

Partial dependencies between maximum tsunami height, coastal forest area, and flooded areas with mean death rates.

<p>The red lines represent bootstrapped confidence intervals around model estimates.</p

Importance of each of the explanatory variables used in the RF model for predicting Death Rates.

<p>Importance of each of the explanatory variables used in the RF model for predicting Death Rates.</p

Boxplots of maximum tsunami height, max seawall height, death and damage rates for the years of 1896, 1933, 1960, 2011.

<p>Boxplots of maximum tsunami height, max seawall height, death and damage rates for the years of 1896, 1933, 1960, 2011.</p

Empirical cumulative distribution function (ecdf) plots of total damage and destruction rates for prefectures of Iwate and Miyagi.

<p>Empirical cumulative distribution function (ecdf) plots of total damage and destruction rates for prefectures of Iwate and Miyagi.</p

Plots of maximum tsunami heights versus maximum seawall heights for death and destruction rates.

<p>Plots of maximum tsunami heights versus maximum seawall heights for death and destruction rates.</p

Plot of observed versus fitted values of destruction rate for methods of RF (correlation 0.96) together with the normal Q-Q plot.

<p>The red dashed lines in the QQ-plot represent 95% confidence intervals.</p