Compliance of pre-approval ADHD clinical drug trials with ICH guidelines overall and during past 10 years.

<p>Compliance of pre-approval ADHD clinical drug trials with ICH guidelines overall and during past 10 years.</p

Medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD.

a<p>All drugs approved by the FDA under a New Drug Application (NDA).</p>b<p>Approval date for treatment of ADHD.</p>c<p>Date derived from first product labeling to include ADHD as an indication as the FDA approval package for biphetamine and desoxyn do not include ADHD as one of the drug indications.</p

Clinical trials conducted for the FDA approval of ADHD drugs in children.

a<p>Assumed equal distribution of randomized participants between the two study arms.</p>b<p>Not all unique patients as some participants from efficacy trial subsequently enrolled in safety trial.</p>c<p>Methylin was a new formulation of FDA-approved methylphenidate.</p>d<p>FDA approval package includes information on pre-clinical trials only and there is no mention of the conduct of clinical trials.</p>e<p>The FDA approval package included clinical trials of Dexedrine and Biphetamine for the treatment of obesity in adults, but no clinical trials assessing their use for the treatment of ADHD were identified.</p>f<p>Adderall was originally approved in 1960 as an anorectic under the brand name Obetrol, but no clinical trials assessing their use for the treatment of ADHD were identified.</p

Association between Serum Irisin Levels and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Health Screen Examinees

<div><p>Irisin is a recently found myokine that aids obesity control and improves glucose homeostasis by acting on white adipose tissue cells and increases total energy consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum irisin levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to compare these levels with those of normal controls. Among 595 health screen examinees who had visited our institute between January 2013 to March 2013, 355 patients (84 NAFLD patients and 271 normal controls) were enrolled depending on whether they gave written informed consents and their history of alcohol intake, blood tests, and abdominal ultrasonographic findings. Age; sex; laboratory test parameters; homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; and levels of leptin, adiponectin, and irisin were assessed. Serum irisin levels (ng/ml) were significantly higher in the NAFLD group than in normal controls (63.4±32.6 vs. 43.0±29.7, <i>p</i><0.001) and higher in the mild fatty liver group than in the moderate-to-severe fatty liver group (68.3±38.2 vs. 56.6±21.2, <i>p</i><0.001). Additionally, serum irisin levels were not different between the non-obese and obese groups (48.4±34.2 vs. 45.8±22.9, <i>p</i> = 0.492); however, the levels were significantly lowest in normal controls and highest in the mild fatty liver group in the non-obese (44.9±31.7 vs. 73.1±48.5 vs 59.7±18.0, <i>p</i><0.001) and obese groups (35.0±17.0 vs. 62.9±21.2 vs. 54.6±23.3, <i>p</i><0.001). Serum irisin levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients, which is not consistent with the results of previously published studies. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm the role of irisin in NAFLD.</p></div

Baseline characteristics of the subject according to steatosis severity.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the subject according to steatosis severity.</p

Baseline characteristics of the subjects according to the study group.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the subjects according to the study group.</p

Serum irisin level in the control group and NAFLD group.

<p>Serum irisin level in the control group and NAFLD group.</p

Serum irisin level according to sex.

<p>Serum irisin level according to sex.</p

Correlations between serum irisin levels and other study parameters.

<p>Correlations between serum irisin levels and other study parameters.</p

Solution-Processed Perovskite Gate Insulator for Sub‑2 V Electrolyte-Gated Transistors

By virtue of their semiconducting and electrolytic characteristics, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have received intense research attention in various applications, which include energy, electronics, and display technologies. While research studies on the semiconducting or electronic properties of perovskite materials in solar cells and light-emitting diodes have been actively investigated, studies on their electrolytic or ionic behavior have rarely been conducted. To probe the electrolyte properties of the metal halide perovskite, we have fabricated solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film transistors using a methylammonium lead iodide (CH₃NH₃PbI₃) perovskite thin film as a gate insulator material. The resulting perovskite film revealed ionic characteristics, with an ionic conductivity of about 10^–8 S/cm. The perovskite-gated ZnO transistors exhibited typical n-type characteristics with an average field-effect mobility of 0.047 cm²/V s at a low applied voltage below 2 V because of the electrical double layer formed by mobile I^– anions and CH₃NH₃⁺ cations in the perovskite gate dielectric. In addition, the poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly­(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) transistors gated with the perovskite showed an abnormal increase in the channel current when applying positive gate bias, probably because of the confined ion movement inside the perovskite gate insulator