Nutrigenomics-Associated Impacts of Nutrients on Genes and Enzymes With Special Consideration of Aromatase

Interactions are occurring in the course of liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of active ingredients, or at the target receptors. They are causing therapy failures and undesirable events. Forty-seven of fifty-seven human hepatic isoenzymes are specific and relevant in hormone and vitamin metabolism and biosynthesis. Aromatase (syn. CYP19A1) is one of the specific CYP450 isoenzymes so far not elucidated in detail. As aromatase-inhibiting phytochemicals are currently recommended for breast cancer prevention and as add-on accompanying aromatase-inhibitor pharmacotherapy, it was the aim of this literature review to assess whether a common interpretation on genetic and -omics basis could be found. Articles retrieved showed that traditional antioxidation diet is one of the most approved explanations of inhibition of aromatase by phytonutrients of flavonoid derivatives. Flavonoids compete for the oxygen provided by the heme moiety of aromatase in the course of aromatase-catalyzed conversion of steroid precursors to estrogens. Flavonoids are therefore promoted for breast cancer prevention. A further explanation of flavonoids’ mechanism of action proposed was related to enzymatic histone deacetylation. By keeping DNA-structure wide through a high acetylation degree, acetylated histones favor transcription and replication. This mechanism corresponds to a procedure of switching genes on. Inhibiting acetylation and therefore switching genes off might be an important regulation of repressing cancer genes. Aromatase expression depends on the genotype and phenotype of a person. Aromatase itself depends on the expression of the heme moiety encoded in the genotype. Biosynthesis of porphyrins in turn depends on the substrates succinate and glycine, as well as on a series of further enzymes, with ALA synthetase as the rate-limiting step. The effect of the heme moiety as prosthetic group of aromatase further depends on the absorption of iron as a function of pH and redox state. To assess the function of aromatase precisely, multiple underlying biochemical pathways need to be evaluated. As a conclusion, the genetic regulation of metabolism is a complex procedure affecting multiple pathways. To understand a metabolic step, multiple underlying individually performing reactions need to be considered if personalized (nutritional) medicine should bring an advantage for a patient. Nutrition sciences need to consider the genome of an individual to truly find answers to nutrition-derived non-communicable diseasesWith current GWAS (genome-wide association study) approaches, inherited errors of metabolism are identified and ideally treated effectively. It is much more difficult to get a precise genetic profile for non-communicable diseases stemming from multifactorial causes. Polygenic risks evaluation is feasible but diagnostic tools are not yet available in a desired extent. Neither flavonoid researchers nor providers of genetic testing kits are going into the details needed for a truly personalized nutritional medicine. The next step with profiling the exome and then the whole genome is on the threshold of becoming routine diagnosis and of bringing the desired details. Keywords: nutrients, nutrigenomics, aromatase, CYP19A1 isoenzyme, food-drug interactions, healthy aging, personalized nutritional medicine, flavonoid

"...in Begleitung von weissbeschuhten und stark parfümierten Mädchen": die Deutschschweizer Vereine zur Hebung der Sittlichkeit und ihr bürgerlicher Blick auf die (potentielle) Prostituierte im fin de siècle

Gegen Ende des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts entstanden in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz zahlreiche bürgerliche ’Vereine zur Hebung der Sittlichkeit’, welche sich dezidiert für die Abschaffung der Prostitution und die Hebung der ’Moral’ in der Bevölkerung einsetzten. Die Sittlichkeitsvereine vertraten eine konservative Einstellung gegenüber der Sexualität. Von freier und gleichgeschlechtlicher Liebe hielten sie nichts; umso mehr von Enthaltsamkeit vor der Ehe und strikter Monogamie. Die Prostitution galt ihnen als Grösste aller Laster. Thema dieses Aufsatzes ist das von den Vereinen konstruierte Bild der (potentiellen) Prostituierten; fokussiert wird, auf welchem Moralkonzept dieses Bild aufbaute und welche Ursachen der Prostitution die bürgerlichen Vereinsmitglieder (an)erkannten

The Dietitian’s Interest to Gain Insight into the Nutrition Black Box

International audienc

Building an Integrated Relational Database from Swiss Nutrition’s (menuCH) and Multiple Swiss Health Datasets Acquired from 1992 to 2012 for Data Mining Purposes

Objective: The objective of the study was to integrate a large database from Swiss nutrition national survey (menu-CH) with 5 extensive databases derived from 5 consecutive Swiss health national surveys from 1992 to 2012 for data mining purposes. Each database has additionally a demographic base data. An integrated Swiss database is built to later discover critical food consumption patterns linked with lifestyle diseases known to be strongly tied with food consumption and compare the derived rules with the rules resulted with a previous study which used a significantly smaller database. Design: Swiss nutrition national survey (menuCH) with approx. 2000 respondents from two different surveys, one by Phone and the other by questionnaire along with Swiss health national surveys from 1992 to 2012 with over than 100000 respondents were pre-processed, cleaned, transformed and finally integrated to a unique relational database. Results: The result of this study is an integrated relational database from the Swiss nutritional and 20 years of Swiss health data

Building an Integrated Relational Database from Swiss Nutrition National Survey and Swiss Health Datasets for Data Mining Purposes

Objective: The objective of the study was to integrate two big databases from Swiss nutrition national survey (menuCH) and Swiss health national survey 2012 for data mining purposes. Each database has a demographic base data. An integrated Swiss database is built to later discover critical food consumption patterns linked with lifestyle diseases known to be strongly tied with food consumption. Design: Swiss nutrition national survey (menuCH) with approx. 2000 respondents from two different surveys, one by Phone and the other by questionnaire along with Swiss health national survey 2012 with 21500 respondents were pre-processed, cleaned and finally integrated to a unique relational database. Results: The result of this study is an integrated relational database from the Swiss nutritional and health databases

Discovery of Association Rules of the Relationship between Food Consumption and Life Style Diseases From Swiss Nutrition’s (menuCH) Dataset & Multiple Swiss Health Datasets from 1992 To 2012

This article demonstrates that using data mining methods such as Weighted Association Rule Mining (WARM) on an integrated Swiss database derived from a Swiss national dietary survey (menuCH) and 25 years of Swiss demographical and health data is a powerful way to determine whether a specific population subgroup is at particular risk for developing a lifestyle disease based on its food consumption patterns. The objective of the study was to discover critical food consumption patterns linked with lifestyle diseases known to be strongly tied with food consumption. Food consumption databases from a Swiss national survey menuCH were gathered along with data of large surveys of demographics and health data collected over 25 years from Swiss population conducted by Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). These databases were integrated and reported in a previous study as a single integrated database. A data mining method such as WARM was applied to this integrated database. A set of promising rules and their corresponding interpretation was generated. As an example, the found rules of the sample show that the consumption of alcohol in small quantities does not have a negative impact on health, whereas the consumption of vegetables is important for the supply of vitamins of the B group, which help the energy metabolism to provide energy. These vitamins are particularly lacking in alcoholics and should then be taken with supplements. Another finding is that dietary supplements do little specially by diabetes. Applying WARM algorithm was beneficial for this study since no interesting rules were pruned out early and the significance of the rules could be highly increased as compared to a previous study using pure Apriori Algorithm

A Study about Discovery of Critical Food Consumption Patterns Linked with Lifestyle Diseases for Swiss Population using Data Mining Methods

Background: This article demonstrates that using data mining methods such as association analysis on an integrated Swiss database derived from a Swiss national dietary survey (menuCH) and Swiss demographical and health data is a powerful way to determine whether a specific population subgroup is at particular risk for developing a lifestyle disease based on its food consumption patterns. Objective: The objective of the study was to use an integrated database of dietary and health data from a large group of Swiss population to discover critical food consumption patterns linked with lifestyle diseases known to be strongly tied with food con-sumption. Design: Food consumption databases from a Swiss national survey menuCH were gathered along with corresponding large survey of demographics and health data from Swiss population conducted by Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). These databases were integrated and reported in a previous study as a single integrated database. A data mining method such as A-priori association analysis was applied to this integrated database. Results: Association mining analysis was used to incorporate rules about food consumption and lifestyle diseases. A set of promising preliminary rules and their corresponding interpretation was generated, which is reported in this paper. As an example, the found rules of the sample show that smoking is relatively irrelevant to the high blood pressure and Diabetes, whereas consuming vegetables at regular basis reduces the risk of high Cholesterol. Conclusions: Association rule mining was successfully used to describe and predict rules linking food consumption patterns with lifestyle diseases. The gained association rules reveal that the appearance of the mutually independent nutritional characteristics in the rules are equally distributed.Furthermore, most of the sample show no chronic diseases as they smoke little and exercise regularly, which can be interpreted that sport is a strong preventive factor for chronic/lifestyle diseases. Nevertheless, a small percentage of the sample shows chronic illnesses due to unhealthy eating. Further research should consider the weighting of chronic diseases’ characteristics for them not to be pruned out early by data mining computation

Biochemistry of Nutritional Sciences.

Biochemistry provides knowledge about commonality principles, explains particularities of individuals, and discloses targets for therapeutic approaches. Although common biochemical pathways have been conserved during evolution, and although molecules and pathways have been generated based on existing ones, a one-fitsall medicine is about to be more and more replaced by personalized medicine. The declared objective of personalized medicine is to either predict a person’s risks for developing a disease or to treat a patient according to his or her metabolic predisposition and capacity, genetic mutations, or polymorphisms. The genotype of a person can hint at imminent risks and prevent the outbreak of diseases if lifestyle or behavior is changed according to the risk profile. The phenotype does not only describe proteins, enzymes and metabolites from the expression of the person’s genes, but provides data to recognize patterns belonging to an existing or eventually silent disease which can be treated effectively

Cobalt‐catalyzed amination of 1,3‐cyclohexanediol and 2,4‐pentanediol in supercritical ammonia

The one‐step procedure of amination of bifunctional secondary alcohols to diamines has been investigated in a continuous fixed‐bed reactor. Application of supercritical NH3 as a solvent and reactant suppressed catalyst deactivation and improved selectivities to amino alcohol intermediates, whereas selectivities to diamines remained poor (8-10%). The main reason for the low diamine selectivity of 1,3‐dihydroxy compounds is water elimination leading to undesired monofunctional products via α,β‐unsaturated alcohol, ketone or amine intermediates. This side reaction does not occur with 1,4‐dihydroxy compounds which afford high aminol and diamine selectivities under similar conditions. Amination of secondary diols with ammonia was found to be faster, but less selective than that of the corresponding primary 1,3‐propanedio

Evaluating the implementation potential of a transcultural tool for Tamil migrants with gestational diabetes mellitus living in Switzerland

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a condition that affects many pregnancies and ethnicity appears to be a risk factor. Data indicate that approximately 18% of Tamil women are diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. Today, approximately 50,000 of Tamils live in Switzerland. To date, there is no official tool available in Switzerland that considers the eating and physical activity habits of this migrant Tamil population living in Switzerland, while offering a quick overview of gestational diabetes mellitus and standard dietetics management procedures. The NutriGeD project led by Bern University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland aimed at closing this gap. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the implementation potential of the tools developed in the project NutriGeD for dietetic counseling before their wide scale launch in Swiss hospitals, clinics and private practices. Method: An online survey was developed and distributed to 50 recruited healthcare professionals working in the German speaking region of Switzerland from October – December 2016 (31% response rate). The transcultural tools were sent to participants together with the link to the online survey. The evaluation outcome was analysed using binary logistic regression and cross tabulation analysis with IBM SPSS version 24.0, 2016. Results: 94% (N=47) respondents believed that the transcultural tools had good potential for implementation in hospitals and private practices in Switzerland. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the age of participants had a good correlation (42.1%) on recommending the implementation potential of the transcultural tool. The participants with age group 34- 54 years old where the highest group to recommend the implementation potential of the transcultural tool and this was found to be statistically significant (p=0.05). 74% (34 out of 50) of the respondents clearly acknowledged the need for transcultural competence knowledge in healthcare practices. 80% (N =40) of the respondents agreed that the information presented in the counseling display folder was important and helpful while 60% (N= 30) agreed to the contents being clinically applicable. 90% (N=45) participants recommended the availability of the evaluated transcultural tools in healthcare settings in Switzerland. Conclusion: The availability in healthcare practice of the evaluated transcultural tools was greatly encouraged by the Swiss healthcare practitioners participating in the survey. While they confirmed the need for these transcultural tools, feed-backs for minor adjustments were given to finalize the tools before their official launch in practice. The developed materials will be made available for clinical visits, in both hospitals and private practices in Switzerland. The Migmapp© transcultural tool can serve as a good approach in assisting healthcare professionals in all fields, especially professionals who practice in areas associated with diet - related diseases or disorders associated with populations at risk