4 research outputs found
β‑Lactam Biotransformations Activate Innate Immunity
Antibiotics
are widely prescribed to treat bacterial infections,
but many of these drugs also affect patient immune responses. While
the molecular mechanisms regulating these diverse immunomodulatory
interactions are largely unknown, recent studies support two primary
models: (1) antibiotics can alter immune function by directly interacting
with human targets; and/or (2) antibiotics can indirectly affect immune
responses via alteration of the human microbiota composition. Here,
we describe results that could support a third model in which a nonimmunostimulatory
antibiotic can be biotransformed by human microbiota members into
an immunostimulatory product that lacks antibacterial activity. Specifically,
we identified, characterized, and semisynthesized new biotransformation
products derived from the β-lactams amoxicillin and ampicillin,
antibiotics regularly prescribed in the clinic. The drug metabolism
products were identified in bacterial cultures harboring β-lactamase,
a common resistance determinant. One of the amoxicillin biotransformation
products activated innate immunity, as assessed by NF-ÎşB signaling
in human leukemic monocytes, whereas amoxicillin itself exhibited
no effect. Amoxicillin has previously been shown to have minimal long-term
impact on human microbiota composition in clinical trial studies.
Taken together, our results could support a broader immunomodulatory
mechanism whereby antibiotics could indirectly regulate immune function
in a stable, microbiome-dependent manner
MOESM2 of Plasmodium falciparum genetic variation of var2csa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Additional file 2. Neighbour-joining tree of samples from DRC, Benin and Senegal, produced in Figtree ( http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ ). Edges are coloured from red to blue according to their bootstrap percentage (black edges are terminal and so have no bootstrap value). Dotted lines leading away from the tree are coloured to indicate the origin of the sample
Additional file 1: of Molecular characterization of invasive meningococcal isolates in Burkina Faso as the relative importance of serogroups X and W increases, 2008–2012
(PDF) Unrooted phylogeny of international NmW CC11 isolates. The 128 isolates from this study are identified by black squares, the Hajj-related outbreak isolate is identified by a black star, and the remaining 470 isolates are identified according to the categories defined by from Lucidarme et al. [23]. Arrows mark isolates that are not in the same category as the most closely related isolates: the Hajj-related outbreak isolate (M07149) and an “Anglo/French Hajj strain” isolate collected in France during 2014 (M14 240,446). The tree is scaled by the number of parsimonious substitutions per branch, identified by kSNP3. Branches with bootstrap support < 70% have been deleted. (PDF 33 kb
MOESM1 of Measuring ex vivo drug susceptibility in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia
Additional file 1. Ex vivo drug susceptibility of P. vivax by years