Univariable regression of suture type (absorbable or non-absorbable) on IH rates.

<p>^a Studies with more than one patient group available for analysis.</p><p>Summary Suture type (absorbable versus non-absorbable) had no effect on IH rates.</p><p>Univariable regression of suture type (absorbable or non-absorbable) on IH rates.</p

Bubble plot of IH rates by year of publication.

<p><b>Notes</b>: The area of each circle is proportionate to the number of patients. The line of best fit shows that IH rates increase with year of publication.</p

Characterization of the human Treg population.

<p>(A) CD4⁺CD25⁻, CD4⁺CD25^int and CD4⁺CD25^hi cells were identified as shown. CD4⁺CD25^hi cells are those where CD25 expression was higher than that on the CD4⁻ population. (B) FOXP3 expression within each population was assessed by intracellular staining. (C) Freshly isolated CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells (2×10⁴ cells/well) were cultured alone (CD25-/low) or with CD4⁺CD25^hi T cells at various ratios, and stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28. Proliferation was assessed by (³H)-thymidine incorporation. The results represent the average of triplicate wells with standard deviation, from a representative assay.</p

PRISMA diagram detailing search strategy and study selection process.

<p>PRISMA diagram detailing search strategy and study selection process.</p

CRC patients are able to mount CD4⁺ T cell responses to the recall antigens PPD and HA.

<p>Whole PBMC from 11 age-matched controls and 14 CRC patients were assessed for responses to the antigens PPD and HA, measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Purified PBMC were added at 3.5×10⁵ cells/well, and incubated for 18 hours in the presence of either 1 µg/ml PPD, 1 µg/ml HA or with no antigen. Wells were set up in duplicate. Fewer than 5 spot forming cells/10⁶ PBMC was considered negative.</p

Funnel plot of IH rates (y axis) by number of patients in study (x axis).

<p><b>Notes</b>: Created using Excel macro at <a href="http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=47241" target="_blank">www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=47241</a>. Dashed boundaries show ± three standard errors; feint show ± two standard errors.</p

Regression analyses of IH rates on multiple predictors.

<p>Notes: Model A: significance level for exclusion = 5%</p><p>Model B: significance level for inclusion = 10%; significance level for exclusion = 12%</p><p>Regression analyses of IH rates on multiple predictors.</p

Additional file 1: of Multimodal treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease: seton versus anti-TNF versus advancement plasty (PISA): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Dates of consent of participating centres