THE USE OF NON STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES DEGRADING ENZYMES IN NUTRITION OF MONOGASTRIC ANIMALS

Uporaba enzima koji razgrađuju neškrobne polisaharide (NŠP) u hranidbi nepreživača osobito β-glukane i ksilane, u krmnim smijesama na osnovu nekih žitarica za perad i svinje u posljednjim godinama pokazala se opravdanom. Dodavanje temelji se na (djelomično) razgradnji NŠP, koje vodi do poboljšanja učinkovitosti probave (povećana probavljivost hraniva i energetska vrijednost krmiva..) i dovede do poboljšanja proizvodnih osobina. Opisane su neke zakonitosti, koje mogu prouzrokovati određene varijabilnosti rezultata (vrsta životinja, starost, sadržaj i topljivost NŠP u žitaricama, osobine enzima...).In last few years the addition of non starch polysaccharides (NSP), mainly β-glucanes and xylanes, degrading enzymes in some grain based diet for poultry and pigs have been recognised as beneficial. The addition is based on the degradation on NSP which increases the efficiency of digestion (better availability of intracellular substances, lover intestinal viscosity, increased nutrient digestibility and energy value of feed...) and leads to improved production traits. Some factors (species, age, the amount and solubility of NSP in grains, enzyme properties...) which lead to variable results are also discussed

UNOS MESA - VAŽNOST I PREPORUKE

The aim of the paper is to provide an overview on the role of meat in human nutrition. The focus is on the adaptation of humans to an omnivorous diet and the nutritional value of meat and its contribution in satisfying the nutrient requirements. The influence of meat intake on the incidence of some chronic diseases is described and the fact that reexamination of epidemiological data shows that a higher risk for cancer was wrongly ascribed to high meat intake, being far more associated with low fruit and vegetables intake and to other life-style risk factors. At the end a review of current recommendations concerning meat intake is given. Because of its high nutritional value, meat retains important role in prudent human nutrition.Cilj rada je dati pregled uloge mesa u prehrani ljudi. Rad je usmjeren na prilagodbu ljudi na svaku vrst hrane i hranidbenu vrijednost mesa te njegov doprinos zadovoljavanju hranidbenih potreba. Opisan je utjecaj uzimanja mesa na pojavu nekih bolesti te činjenicu da je preispitivanje epidemioloških podataka pokazalo da se veći rizik za rak pogrešno pripisuje visokom unošenju mesa; rizik je daleko više povezan s niskim unošenjem voća i povrća te drugim rizičnim čimbenicima načina života. Na kraju je pregled današnjih preporuka u vezi s uzimanjem mesa. Zbog svoje visoke hranidbene vrijednosti meso zadržava važnu ulogu u razumnoj prehrani ljudi

THE EFFECT OF OLIVE BY PRODUCTS AND THEIR EXTRACTS ON ANTIOXIDATIVE STATUS OF LAYING HENS AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF EGGS ENRICHED WITH N-3 FATTY ACIDS

The aim of the study was to assess the effects olive leaves, pulp and their extract supplementation on performance, antioxidant status and oxidative stability of eggs. Oxidative stress was induced by the addition of 6% linseed oil in the feed. 94 individually caged laying hens, 40 weeks old, were included in the study. Animals were divided into 6 groups. The feed of each group was composed of a basic feed, supplemented with: group Cont - no supplement, Vit E - 150 IU of α-tocopherol acetate /kg, Olive L - 1% of olive leaves, Olive Ex - extract from olive leaves, the Pulp group - 1% of dried and ground pulp and Pulp Ex - extract from pulp. Based on the results we found out that supplementation of vitamin E, olive leaves, pulp and their extracts had no effect on the performance of hens and showed neither a lymphocyte DNA damage preventive activity nor influence malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma. The results suggest that α-tocopherol acetate and olive leaves supplementation had significant effect on the MDA content of the stored eggs. Supplements, except vitamin E had neither influence on antioxidant activity (ACL) in eggs nor on n-3 PUFA in fresh and 40 days stored eggs

DODAVANJE NUKLEOTIDA ELIMINIRA OŠTEĆENJE LEUKOCITNE DNA IZAZVANE - T-2 TOKSINOM I DEOXYNIVALENOLOM U BROJLERSKIH PILIĆA

This study shows that Fusarium mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and DON impair the performance of broiler chickens, induce DNA damage in chicken leukocytes and cause oxidative stress in the organism. When considering feed consumption and live weight gain in mycotoxicosis induced with high levels of T-2 toxin and DON present in the feed, dietary nucleotides do not have beneficial effect. The crucial role of nucleotide supplementation in feed is to repair DNA damage in immune cells, which are highly sensitive to mycotoxin action. When broilers are exposed to Fussarium mycotoxins their immune function can be depressed, thus they can be more susceptible to virus or bacterial infections. The addition of dietary nucleotides may increase proliferation of immune cells and optimize the function of the immune system in case of infections.Ovaj rad pokazuje da mikotoksini Fusarium, toksini T-2 i DON kvare proizvodne rezultate u brojlera, izazivaju oštećenje DNK u leukocitima pilića i prouzrokuju oksidacijski stres u organizmu. S obzirom na konzumaciju hrane i prirast žive vage u mikotoksikozi izazvanoj visokim razinama toksina T-2 i DON-a što se nalaze u hrani, dijetalni nukleotidi nemaju blagotvorno djelovanje. Presudna uloga dodavanja nukleotida u hranu je obnoviti gubitak DNK u imunim stanicama koje su vrlo osjetljive na djelovanje mikotoksina. Kad su brojleri izloženi mikotoksinima Fusarium njihova se imuna funkcija može smanjiti pa mogu biti osjetljiviji na virusne ili bakterijske infekcije. Dodavanje dijetalnih nukleotida može povećati razmnožavanje imunih stanica i optimirati funkciju imunog sustava u slučaju infekcije

DJELOVANJE TRIJU IZVORA VLAKNA NA PROBAVLJIVOST HRANJIVIH TVARI U ŠTAKORA U RASTU

In an experimental study on laboratory rats we examined the digestibility of crude protein, dry matter and organic matter after the addition of different sources of fibre in the diet. A control diet was prepared to meet the nutritional requirements of growing rats. In the experimental diets a fraction of starch was replaced with a source of fibre. The apple pectin (Pectin classic AU 701 Herbstreith&Fox, degree of esterification 36-44 %), the guar gum (Fluka 09999) and the wheat bran were used. The protein source in all diets was casein. 20 young male Wistar laboratory rats (five per group) were housed in individual balance cages and fed ad libitum either a control diet, or one of the experimental diets with pectin, guar gum or wheat bran diet. During the experiment the amount of diet consumed and the weight of the animals were registered. At five days intervals urine and the faeces were collected and nitrogen, dry matter and crude ash contents were determined in the collected samples. The apparent and true digestibility of protein were significantly (P >0.05) decreased in the experimental diets as compared to the control. The true digestibility in the control diet was 92.60 %. Among the experimental diets the best value was found for wheat bran (87.93 %), and significantly (P> 0.05) lower in guar gum (84.98 %) and in pectin (84.35 %). Biological value of protein in all groups was similar, between 71.44 % and 74.75 %. The results for the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were similar to those for crude protein, being significantly (P > 0.05) lower in the experimental groups as compared to the control, but in this case the wheat bran group had significantly (P 0.05) u pokusnim obrocima u usporedbi s kontrolnim obrokom. Prava probavljivost u kontrolnom obroku bila je 92.60%. U pokusnim obrocima najbolja je vrijednost ustanovljena za pšenične posije (87.93%) i znatno niža (P>0.05) za guar gum (84.98%) i pektin (84.35%). Biološka vrijednost bjelančevina u svim je skupinama bila slična, između 71.44% i 74.75%. Rezultati za probavljivost suhe tvari i organske tvari bili su slični rezultatima za sirove bjelančevine, znači značajno niži (P<0.05) u pokusnim skupinama u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom, ali u tom je slučaju skupina s pšeničnim posijama imala značajno najnižu (P<0.05) vrijednost. Guar gum i pektin kao izvor topivog vlakna imali su sličan učinak na probavljivost hranjivih tvari, ali s druge strane pšenične posije, što sadrže više netopivog nego topivog vlakna, prouzročile su nešto drugačije reakcije

ANIMALSTOCKS FEEDING WITH FEEDSTUFSADITIVE

U radu je predstavljen primjer programa hranidbe nekih vrsta domaćih životinja dopunskim krmnim smjesama i kod buduće proizvedenim krmivima. Predstavljeni program podijeljen je na opći i tehnološki dio. Zbog boljeg razumijevanja opći dio objašnjava neke osnovne pojmove hranidbe životinja. U tehnološkom dijelu prikazani su primjeri bjelančevinasto-mineralno-vitaminskih dopunskih krmnih smjesa za svinje, perad i goveda po pojedinim kategorijama životinja. Prikazani su isto tako neki načini njihove upotrebe i način pripreme krmnih smjesa na imanju ili u manjim mješaonicama krmnih smjesa.The paper presents a model of a feeding program for some species of domestic animals with complementary feeding stuffs and home produced feedstuffs. The program is devided into a general part, where some basics on animal nutrition are given, and to technological part, describing certain examples of protein-mineral-complementary feeding stuffs for pigs, poultry and cattle, and their separate cathegories. The application and the way of prepearing complete feeding stuffs and daily rations - a farmyard or in small, local blending units are also presented

Do olive polyphenols negatively affect nutrient digestibility in pigs?

It is widely accepted that olive (Olea europaea L.) polyphenols (OP) have many favourable properties (e.g. antioxidative, antimicrobial, antifungal). OP can improve the growth and nutrient digestibility of animals via affecting digestion and health, even though they could negatively affect the mineral absorption by forming insoluble complexes with minerals in the intestine. In the present study, the effects of a dietary olive leaves extract (OLE) on nutrient digestibility in pigs were studied. Twenty-four weaned castrated male piglets were fed a no supplemented (C) or a supplemented diet with three different levels of OLE (O1, O2 and O3: 3.84 mg, 38.4 mg, 96 mg hydroxytyrosol equivalents/day, respectively). Retention and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), organic matter (OM), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ash, neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fibres (ADF), gross energy (GE), Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, K and Na were measured. Results showed that OLE lowered the retention of Fe and K, and revealed a numerical tendency to lower the retention of Cu and ATTD of Fe and Cu. In conclusion, a low dietary supplementation of OLE has no effect on the digestibility and retention of major nutrients, although some minor negative effects on mineral digestibility can be present