Distribution of the number of low-risk loci (0 high-risk alleles) and loci with 1 or 2 high-risk alleles within the global population of the 1000 Genome Project [59].

<p>The average number of loci carrying 0/(1 or 2) high-risk alleles was 16/16 and coincided with the median of this distribution. The relative position of the Altai Neanderthal and the Denisovan hominin high-coverage genomes are indicated, as well as the genome of the oldest available anatomically modern human, that of a 45,000 year old individual from Ust’-Ishim. Three SNPs (rs2292596, rs56318881, and rs9282861) analysed in this study were not covered by the 1000 Genome Project variant data and were therefore not included in this analysis. For each of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 loci in the ancient hominin genomes, being possibly homozygous or heterozygous low-risk (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161102#pone.0161102.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>), a contribution of 1 high-risk allele was conservatively counted in. Details in Section B in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161102#pone.0161102.s005" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>.</p

Polymorphisms for which the low-risk gene variant observed in Neanderthal and/or Denisovan is a derived allele.

<p>Column headers and cell shading as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161102#pone.0161102.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Polymorphisms for which the low-risk gene variant observed in Neanderthal and/or Denisovan is the ancestral allele.

<p>Column headers: Nea = Neanderthal; Den = Denisovan; Chimp = Chimpanzee; Gor = Gorilla; Ust’-Ishim/Mal’ta (MA-1)/Anzick-1 = Siberian/Siberian/North-American pre-Holocene hunter-gatherer; NE1/BR2 = Neolithic/Bronze Age Hungarian individual; Saqqaq = Palaeo-eskimo; Aus = Aboriginal Australian. Cell shading: light grey = low-risk ancestral variant; dark-grey = high-risk derived variant.</p

Polymorphisms for which the high-risk gene variant was observed in both Neanderthal and Denisovan.

<p>Column headers and cell shading as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161102#pone.0161102.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. Ancestral variants in the ancient hominin and human lineages are indicated by a thick-lined black box.</p

Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ)-Mediated Gene Expression by Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) Extracts

Since beneficial effects related to tomato consumption partially overlap with those related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation, our aim was to test extracts of tomato fruits and tomato components, including polyphenols and isoprenoids, for their capacity to activate PPARγ using the PPARγ2 CALUX reporter cell line. Thirty tomato compounds were tested; seven carotenoids and three polyphenols induced PPARγ2-mediated luciferase expression. Two extracts of tomato, one containing deglycosylated phenolic compounds and one containing isoprenoids, also induced PPARγ2-mediated expression at physiologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, enzymatically hydrolyzed extracts of seven tomato varieties all induced PPARγ-mediated expression, with a 1.6-fold difference between the least potent and the most potent variety. The two most potent varieties had high flavonoid content, while the two least potent varieties had low flavonoid content. These data indicate that extracts of tomato are able to induce PPARγ-mediated gene expression <i>in vitro</i> and that some tomato varieties are more potent than others