Asas penerbangan

Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan: bab 1 sejarah ringkas tentang aeronautik, bab 2 anatomi pesawat udara, bab 3 sifat daya-daya aerodinamik: analisis matra, bab 4 teori dan ujikaji: terowong angin, bab 5 atmosfera, bab 6 aliran satu matra tak boleh mampat, bab 7 aliran satu matra di dalam bendalir boleh mampat, bab 8 aliran dua matra: daya angkat dan seret, bab 9 sayap terhingga, bab 10 kesan kelikatan, bab 11 penentuan jumlah daya seret tak boleh mampat, bab 12 daya seret keboleh mampatan, bab 13 aerofoil dan sayap, bab 14 sistem daya angkat tinggi, bab 15 gayalaku aerodinamik, bab 16 kestabilan dan kawalan, bab 17 pendorongan, bab 18 struktur, bab 19 aliran hipersonik, bab 20 trajektori roket dan orbit, lampiran a ciri-ciri atmosfera piawai, lampiran b penerbitan persamaan bernoulli bendalir boleh mampat, lampiran c ringkasan persamaan-persamaan keadaan dan aliran satu matra serta indeks

Reliability and Effectiveness of the Differential Transformation Method for Solving Linear and Non-Linear Fourth order Boundary Value Problems

In this paper, differential transformation method is applied to construct analyticsolutions of the boundary value problems for linear and non-linear 4th order nonhomogenousdifferential equations. The differential transformation method istested using three physical model problems. Results are presented in tables andfigures. It was appeared in comparing results of the differential transformationmethod with Rung- Kutta , and RK-Butcher solutions that the differentialtransformation method is more reliable and effective in solving linear and nonlineardifferential equations

Solving Second Order Non-Linear Boundary Value Problems by Four Numerical Methods

The boundary value problems for the 2nd order non-linear ordinarydifferential equations are solved by using four numerical methods. Thesenumerical methods are Rung-Kutta of 4th order, Rung–Kutta Butcher of 6th order,differential transformation method, and the Homotopy perturbation method. Threephysical problems from the literature are solved by the four methods for comparingthe results. The results were presented in tables and figures. The differentialtransformation method appeared to be effective and reliable to find the seminumerical-analytical solutions for such type of boundary value problems

Long-term halocarbon observations from a coastal and an inland site in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Abstract. Short-lived halocarbons are believed to have important sources in the tropics, where rapid vertical transport could provide a significant source to the stratosphere. In this study, quasi-continuous measurements of short-lived halocarbons are reported for two tropical sites in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo), one coastal and one inland (rainforest). We present the observations for C2Cl4, CHBr3, CH2Br2* (actually ~80% CH2Br2 and ~20% CHBrCl2) and CH3I from November 2008 to January 2010 made using our μDirac gas chromatographs with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). We focus on the first 15 months of observations, showing over one annual cycle for each compound and therefore adding significantly to the few limited-duration observational studies that have been conducted thus far in southeast Asia. The main feature in the C2Cl4 behaviour at both sites is its annual cycle, with the winter months being influenced by northerly flow with higher concentrations, typical of the Northern Hemisphere, and with the summer months influenced by southerly flow and lower concentrations representative of the Southern Hemisphere. No such clear annual cycle is seen for CHBr3, CH2Br2* or CH3I. The baseline values for CHBr3 and CH2Br2* are similar at the coastal (overall median: CHBr3 1.7 ppt, CH2Br2* 1.4 ppt) and inland sites (CHBr3 1.6 ppt, CH2Br2* 1.1 ppt), but periods with elevated values are seen at the coast (overall 95th percentile: CHBr3 4.4 ppt, CH2Br2ast 1.9 ppt), presumably resulting from the stronger influence of coastal emissions. Overall median bromine values from [CHBr3 × 3] + [CH2Br2* × 2] are 8.0 ppt at the coast and 6.8 ppt inland. The median values reported here are largely consistent with other limited tropical data and imply that southeast Asia generally is not, as has been suggested, a hot spot for emissions of these compounds. These baseline values are consistent with the most recent emissions found for southeast Asia using the p-TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) model. CH3I, which is only observed at the coastal site, is the shortest-lived compound measured in this study, and the observed atmospheric variations reflect this, with high variability throughout the study period. This work was supported by a NERC consortium grant to the OP3 team, by NCAS, by the European Commission through the SCOUT-O3 project (505390-GOCE-CF2004) and by NERC western Pacific grant number NE/F020341/1 and NERC CAST grant number NE/J006246/1. L. M. O’Brien and M. J. Ashfold thank NERC for research studentships. A. D. Robinson acknowledges NERC for their support through small grant project NE/D008085/1. N. R. P. Harris is supported by a NERC Advanced Research Fellowship. We thank the Sabah Foundation, Danum Valley Field Centre and the Royal Society (Glen Reynolds) for field site support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. 226224 – SHIVA. We thank David Oram and Stephen Humphrey at UEA for their assistance in checking the calibration of our Aculife cylinder in May 2009. This is paper number 626 of the Royal Society’s South East Asian Rainforest Research Programme.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/8369/2014/acp-14-8369-2014.html

The effect of spinach leaf powder (spinacia oleracea) on the quality of dried noodle

This study has utilized the incorporation of different concentrations of spinach powder into wheat flour to produce the best formulation of dried spinach noodle based on sensory and physicochemical tests comprising of colour and texture profile analyses. F2 consists of 4g of spinach powder and was selected as the best formulation. F2 shows a better result than control in terms of significantly higher moisture (8.21 ± 0.01%), ash (3.33 ± 0.01%), crude protein (14.22 ± 0.01%), crude fiber content (8.69 ± 0.06%) and lower crude fat (5.46 ± 0.05%) and carbohydrate content (60.09 ± 0.13%); and also contains a significantly higher total chlorophyll content (24.68 ± 0.01mg/L). The F2 sample also has a lower cooking time (5.33 ± 0.06 minutes), cooking loss (7.43 ± 0.13%), and swelling index (1.85 ± 0.03 ml/g), but a higher cooking weight (246.52 ± 0.01g) and water absorption (161.26 ± 0.10%). The storage quality of the best formulation was conducted for 8 weeks and results were recorded every week. Based on the storage stability result of water activity, moisture content, and microbiological count, all of the values are within the acceptable range and are still safe for consumption. No significant difference was observed for all texture parameters of the F2 noodle upon storage. However, the colour of F2 noodle increase in lightness, greenness, and decrease in yellowness. Overall, the incorporation of spinach powder into noodles can increase the nutrient content and maintain its eating quality

Inter-hemispheric EEG coherence analysis in Parkinson's disease : Assessing brain activity during emotion processing

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not only characterized by its prominent motor symptoms but also associated with disturbances in cognitive and emotional functioning. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion processing on inter-hemispheric electroencephalography (EEG) coherence in PD. Multimodal emotional stimuli (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust) were presented to 20 PD patients and 30 age-, education level-, and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) while EEG was recorded. Inter-hemispheric coherence was computed from seven homologous EEG electrode pairs (AF3–AF4, F7–F8, F3–F4, FC5–FC6, T7–T8, P7–P8, and O1–O2) for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. In addition, subjective ratings were obtained for a representative of emotional stimuli. Interhemispherically, PD patients showed significantly lower coherence in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands than HC during emotion processing. No significant changes were found in the delta frequency band coherence. We also found that PD patients were more impaired in recognizing negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) than relatively positive emotions (happiness and surprise). Behaviorally, PD patients did not show impairment in emotion recognition as measured by subjective ratings. These findings suggest that PD patients may have an impairment of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity (i.e., a decline in cortical connectivity) during emotion processing. This study may increase the awareness of EEG emotional response studies in clinical practice to uncover potential neurophysiologic abnormalities

In Vivo Analysis of the Role of O-Glycosylations of Von Willebrand Factor

The objective of this project was to study the function of O-glycosylations in von Willebrand factor (VWF) life cycle. In total, 14 different murine Vwf cDNAs mutated on one or several O-glycosylations sites were generated: 9 individual mutants, 2 doublets, 2 clusters and 1 mutant with all 9 murine glycosylation sites mutated (Del-O-Gly). We expressed each mutated cDNA in VWF deficient-mice by hydrodynamic injection. An immunosorbent assay with Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) was used to verify the O-glycosylation status. Wild-type (WT) VWF expressed by hepatocytes after hydrodynamic injection was able to bind PNA with slightly higher affinity than endothelial-derived VWF. In contrast, the Del-O-Gly VWF mutant did not bind PNA, demonstrating removal of O-linked glycans. All mutants displayed a normal multimeric pattern. Two mutants, Del-O-Gly and T1255A/T1256A, led to expression levels 50% lower than those induced by WT VWF and their half-life in vivo was significantly reduced. When testing the capacity of each mutant to correct the bleeding time of VWF-deficient mice, we found that S1486A, T1255A, T1256A and the doublet T1255A/T1256A were unable to do so. In conclusion we have shown that O-glycosylations are dispensable for normal VWF multimerization and biosynthesis. It also appears that some O-glycosylation sites, particularly the T1255 and T1256 residues, are involved in the maintenance of VWF plasma levels and are essential for normal haemostasis. As for the S1486 residue, it seems to be important for platelet binding as demonstrated in vitro using perfusion experiments

Renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor: does age at diagnosis impact outcomes?

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm. The median age for renal PNET is 27 years but it can be seen also in a wide age range between 3 and 78 years. We performed a Medline search for the term renal PNET and identified 79 cases up till December of 2010. We report here a new case of renal PNET and a literature review for published data for evaluation of clinicopathological prognostic factors, with an emphasis on prognosis in two groups of adults and children-adolescents: 18 years of age or under and over 18 years

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2-3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years