Attempt to establish a chronic model to study the influence of bile and pancreatic juice diversion on pancreas feedback regulation in conscious pigs

The diversion of pancreatic juice and bile stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion but the mechanism behind this process is still not clear. The present study investigates the influence of long lasting (10 h) bile diversion or pancreatic juice and bile diversion on the pancreatic secretion in conscious pigs. The experiments were performed on 4 weaned piglets, which had a catheter inserted to the accessory pancreatic duct and bile duct and two cannulas to the duodenum. The depletion of bile alone or both bile and pancreatic juice (PJ) resulted in an increased preprandial pancreatic juice outflow, as compared to controls. Bile diversion increased the pancreatic response to feeding. PJ volume, protein outflow, and trypsin activity values were significantly higher in bile diverted pigs than in control pigs during the prandial and postprandial periods. While in pancreatic juice and bile diverted piglets the PJ protein outflow and trypsin activity slightly increased in response to feeding, their values were lower than those of the control piglets. In conclusion, both pancreatic juice and bile present in the small intestine play an important role in the regulation of the pancreatic juice secretion. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved

DJELOVANJE NA-BUTIRATA I EKSTRAKTA YUCCA SCHIDIGERA-E NA KAKVOĆU KOSTI SVINJA U RAZVOJU

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Na-butyrate and Yucca schidigera extract treatment on skeletal development of pigs. The study was conducted from the 14th until the 56th day of postnatal life. Piglets were randomly assigned to control group fed on a standard diet supplemented with a coated blend of organic acids (fumaric, malic and citric - 1.5 kg/t feed), and an experimental group fed on a similar diet with the addition of coated Na-butyrate (900g/t feed) and extract of Yucca schidigera (75g/t feed). At age of the 28th, 35th and 56th days of life the piglets were slaughtered and the humera were isolated for further analyses. The bone formation and quality were measured based on weight, length, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), physical (ultimate strength, maximum elastic strength) and geometrical parameters. The bone weight and geometrical parameters such as cross-sectional area, second moment of inertia, mean relative wall thickness were significantly increased in experimental 56 d old piglets. Furthermore, experimental diet induced significantly higher BMC and BMD, and improved the mechanical endurance of bones in terms of the moments of maximum elastic strength and maximum strength. It is concluded that early postnatal treatment of piglets with Na-butyrate and extract of Yucca schidigera positively affects the development and function of the bones during growth.Cilj je rada bio istražiti djelovanje Na-butirata i tretmana s ekstraktom Yucca schidigerae na razvoj kralježnice svinja. Istraživanje je provedeno od 14. do 56. dana poslije rođenja. Praščići su nasumce podijeljeni u kontrolnu skupinu i hranjeni standardnim obrocima s dodatkom dražirane smjese organskih kiselina (fumarične, jabučne i limunske - 1,5 kg/t krmiva) i pokusnu skupinu hranjenu sličnim obrocima s dodatkom dražiranog Nabutirata (900 g/t krmiva) i ekstrakta Yucca schidigera-e (75 g/t krmiva). U dobi od 28, 35 i 56 dana praščići su zaklani te su izolirane nadlaktične kosti (HUMERA) za daljnje analize. Izmjereni su sastav i kakvoća kosti na temelju težine, duljine, sadržaja minerala u kostima (BMC), gustoće minerala u kostima (BMD), fizičke (konačna čvrstoća, maksimalna elastična čvrstoća) i geometrijskih parametara. Težina kosti i geometrijski parametri kao što su područje presjeka, drugi moment inercije, srednja relativna debljina stjenke značajno su porasli u pokusnoj skupini 56 dana starih praščića. Nadalje, pokusni obroci prouzročili su znatno više BMC-a i BMDa i poboljšali mehaničku izdržljivost kosti u smislu momenata maksimalne elastične jakosti i maksimalne jakosti. Zaključuje se da rano tretiranje praščića nakon rođenja Na-butiratom i ekstraktom Yucca schidigera-e djeluje pozitivno na razvoj i funkciju kosti tijekom razvoja

Real exposure to pig pancreatic juice and bile inhibit exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs

The mechanisms involved in the down regulation of the exocrine pancreas are still not fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of duodenal and ileal exposure to pancreatic enzymes and bile on pancreatic secretion. Experiments were performed with pigs fitted with pancreatic duct, ileal and jugular vein catheters, and duodenal T-shaped cannula. A negative feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion was found for both duodenal and ileal delivery of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic secretion was unaffected by duodenal delivery of bile and bile salts, while ileal delivery of bile and bile salts lowered it. On the other hand, pancreatic secretion was increased by duodenal loading of commercial non- or activated pancreatic enzyme preparations, thus probably recognised as dietary protein. Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) level was lowered only by duodenal delivery of pancreatic juice. In conclusion, the results prove the existence of negative feedback mechanism regulating pancreatic secretion dependent on the presence of pure pancreatic juice or bile at the ileal level. The mechanism at the duodenal level is exclusively sensitive to pure pancreatic juice. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Behavioral changes in response to feeding pancreatic-like enzymes to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs.

Behavioral changes during pancreatic enzyme therapy have never been studied. The present study investigated behavioral changes in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) pigs when their feed was supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin. A crossover design study was used to test the effect of enzyme supplementation in 2 × 4 EPI pigs that underwent pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). After 40 d of adaptation, the study commenced, comprising 2 control and 2 enzyme feeding periods of 10 d each in sequence. On days 7 and 10 of each experimental period, behavior was monitored for 24 h and feed consumption and BW were recorded. Behavioral observations focused on the pigs' activity- lying down or passive, or sitting, or standing or active-and were expressed as percentage activity for 24 h. During the adaptation period, BW gain was completely inhibited after PDL whereas for the entire study period, the body weight increased from 10.5 ± 1.1 to 14.0 ± 1.4 kg (P < 0.01). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs were more active when fed the enzymes (21 vs. 18% per 24 h; P < 0.01). Microbial enzyme supplementation not only improved the growth of the EPI pigs but it also increased their activity. This behavior change contradicts the generally accepted norm that satiety evokes by digestion and subsequent nutrients absorption reduces human or animal motility

Exogenous pancreatic-like enzymes are recovered in the gut and improve growth of exocrine pancreatic insufficient pigs

The exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pigs grow less due to different disturbances in feed digestion, absorption, and retention. Use of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin in pigs may improve feed use and performance in slow-growing pigs. The aim was to study gut recovery and effectiveness of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin supplementation on pig performance. Six male pigs 10 to 12 kg BW underwent pancreatic duct ligation surgery to induce total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Three cannulas to access the gastrointestinal tract content were installed in stomach, duodenum, and ileum in EPI pigs and in 3 control (healthy) pigs. One month after surgery, enzymes were given before feeding and digesta samples were collected for analyses. The BW of EPI pigs did not increase during 1 mo following surgery (11.7 vs. 11.6 kg BW); however, BW increased after 1 wk of enzyme supplementation (12.1 kg BW). Coefficient of fat and N absorption increased (P < 0.05) in EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase, lipase, and protease in chyme samples of EPI pigs was very low compared to controls. In EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation, amylase activity increased from 5.32 to 72.9 units/mL but remained lower than that of healthy pigs (162.7 units/mL). Lipase activity increased from 79.1 to 421.6 units/mL, which was similar to that of controls (507.3 units/mL). Proteolytic activity increased from 7.8 to 69.7 units/mL but still did not reach control pigs (164.3 units/mL). In conclusion, exogenous microbial enzymes mimic endogenous pancreatic enzymes being recovered along the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes might be a useful tool to stimulate growth of slower-growing pigs after the weaning period