324 research outputs found
"Time and Money: Substitutes in Real Terms and Complements in Satisfactions"
Time and money are basic commodities in the utility function and are substitutes in real terms. To a certain extent, having time and money is a matter of either/or, depending on individual preferences and budget constraints. However, satisfaction with time and satisfaction with money are typically complements, i.e., individuals tend to be equally satisfied with both domains. In this paper, we provide an explanation for this apparent paradox through the analysis of the simultaneous determination of economic satisfaction and leisure satisfaction. We test some hypotheses, including the hypothesis that leisure satisfaction depends on both the quantity and quality of leisure-where quality is proxied by good intensiveness and social intensiveness. Our results show that both the quantity and the quality of leisure are important determinants of leisure satisfaction, and, since having money contributes to the quality of leisure, this explains the empirical findings of the satisfactions being complementary at the same time as the domains are substitutes. Interestingly, gender matters. Intra-household effects and especially individual characteristics are more pronounced for women than for men for both domain satisfactions. Additionally, good intensiveness is more important for men (e.g., housing conditions), whereas social intensiveness is more important for women (e.g., the presence of children and participation in leisure-time activities).
Sammenligning af dansk og svensk boligbyggeri:Den svensk-danske parallelbyggesag i Ăresundsregionen
Shortening the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Abstract
Questionnaires that are used in studies with severely ill patients should be as short as possible. Abridged versions of existing inventories are very practical in these instances. The answers of 444 subjects in three samples (cancer patients, medical students, surgical patients) were used to investigate the possibility of constructing short and reliable versions of the scales of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. A stepwise regression procedure showed the possibility to reliably predict the total score of the unabridged versions by means of weighted sums of eight items for each scale. Omission of weights did not lead to substantial loss of information. Cronbach's α of the State-scale decreased from 0.93 to about 0.85 for different combinations of items and from 0.91 to about 0.82 for combinations of eight items of the Trait-scale. The relationship between both scales was only slightly modified by the shortening procedure
Auditory information processing during adequate propofol anesthesia monitored by electroencephalogram bispectral index
Memory for intraoperative events may arise from inadequate anesthesia when
the hypnotic state is not continuously monitored. Electroencephalogram
bispectral index (BIS) enables monitoring of the hypnotic state and
titration of anesthesia to an adequate level (BIS 40 to 60). At this
level, preserved memory function has been observed in trauma patients. We
investigated memory formation in elective surgical outpatients during
target-controlled propofol anesthesia supplemented with alfentanil. While
BIS remained between 40 and 60, patients listened to a tape with either
familiar instances (exemplars) from two categories (Experimental [E]
group, n = 41) or bird sounds (Control [C] group, n = 41). After recovery,
memory was tested directly and indirectly. BIS during audio presentation
was on average (+/- SD) 44 +/- 5 and 46 +/- 5 for Groups E and C,
respectively. No patient consciously recalled the intraoperative period,
nor were presented words recognized reliably (Group E, 0.9 +/- 0.8 hits;
Group C, 0.8 +/- 0.8 hits) (P = 0.7). When asked to generate category
exemplars, Group E named 2.10 +/- 1.0 hits versus 1.98 +/- 1.0 in Group C
(P = 0.9). We found no explicit or implicit memory effect of familiar
words presented during adequate propofol anesthesia at BIS levels between
40 and 60 in elective surgical patients. IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests
that stable levels of adequate hypnosis may prevent information processing
and memory formation during general anesthesia and supports the
feasibility of electroencephalogram bispectral index as a monitor of
adequate anesthesia
Vacuum compatible flow-cell for high-quality in situ and operando soft X-ray photon-inâphoton-out spectroelectrochemical studies of energy materials
Abstract: Soft Xâray spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate materials on an element selective level with respect to their atomic and electronic structure. However, its application is technically challenging for in situ or operando investigations of materials for electrochemical applications. Herein, we present a spectroelectrochemical flowâcell designed to enable stateâofâtheâart electrochemical characterization while being installed in a vacuum chamber for the direct accessibility of the electroactive sample to soft Xârays. An overview of the application of soft Xâray photonâinâphotonâout spectroscopic studies to electromaterials is provided, along with discussions of experimental and technical considerations specific to this highly sensitive mode of analysis. Application of the cell for the in situ spectroelectrochemical characterization of an electrodeposited nickel oxide water electrooxidation catalyst is demonstrated
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