Multiple linear regression models testing the effect of environmental parameters and contaminants on biotic response variables: the total number of individuals and taxa, Simpson and Shannon diversity, number of EPT taxa and the saprobic index.

<p>Given are df-, R²-, F- and p-values for full models after stepwise deletion of non-significant terms (n.s.) and of significant model parameters.</p>★<p>, p<0.05;</p>★★<p>, p<0.01;</p>★★★<p>, p<0.001; n.a., not available.</p

Number of EPT taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) correlating with the first component of the PCA with organic contaminants (OC1).

<p>Displayed are results for sampling campaign in spring (A) and autumn (B). Please note different scaling of y-axes in A and B.</p

Analyzed contaminants.

<p>Analyzed contaminants.</p

Intrinsic rate of population increase of daphnids in the multi-generation experiment.

<p>Figure shows the intrinsic rate of population increase (<i>r</i>) of five successive generations of (A) <i>Daphnia magna</i>, (B) <i>Daphnia pulex</i>, and (C) <i>Daphnia galeata</i> exposed to nanosilver (mean % of control). Controls were set to 100% (solid line).</p

Correlation of the peak areas (Z-transform) of the final candidate (exact mass 363.25047) with the antiandrogenicity.

<p>Data from Orbitrap experiment 1 is shown here exemplarily. Triangles indicate outliers, the linear regression (with 95% confidence bands) is shown in grey.</p

Antiestrogenic (A) and antiandrogenic activity (B) of 18 bottled waters.

<p>13 waters significantly inhibit estrogen receptor alpha, 16 samples antagonize androgen receptor (★★★p<0.0001, compared to controls with endogenous ligand). The activity was normalized to controls containing 17β-estradiol or testosterone (0% inhibition) and such without (100% inhibition). The results represent three extracts per sample tested in three experiments with eight replicates each.</p

Experimental set-up of the multi-generation study.

<p>Experimental set-up of the multi-generation study.</p

Mortality of daphnids in the multi-generation experiment.

<p>Figure shows the mortality of five successive generations of (A) <i>Daphnia magna</i>, (B) <i>Daphnia pulex</i>, and (C) <i>Daphnia galeata</i> exposed to nanosilver. Asterisks indicate significant differences from control: * = p<0.05, ** = p<0.01 (two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test).</p

Transmission electron microscopy image of spherical silver nanoparticles (NM-300).

<p>Transmission electron microscopy image of spherical silver nanoparticles (NM-300).</p

Two-way ANOVA testing for the influence of nanosilver toxicity and exposure time on mortality and reproduction of five populations of <i>Daphnia magna</i>, <i>Daphnia pulex</i>, and <i>Daphnia galeata</i>.

1<p>Generations 3 and 4 are not considered because the 10 µg Ag L⁻¹ exposure group became extinct.</p