Geophysical Contribution of Using 3D View in Landfill Site

Geophysical techniques are very useful tools in the characterization of the subsurface to determine the degree of conductivity and predict the nature of earth materials present within the survey area. Three 2D electrical resistivity profiles were established for the purpose of this research. The field survey was carried out using Dipole-dipole array with a spread of 164 m at the only State government approved landfill site in Ikpoba Okhia local government area, Benin City, Edo State. The 3D image maps were at three different depth slices of (5 m, 18 m and 38 m) in order to determine the rate of spread and migration of leachate as we probed deeper into the subsurface. The apparent resistivity values helped in identifying the nature, lateral spread and depth of the conductive sources in the study area. The resistivity data were imported into Voxler software to achieve the objective of the study. The image results from the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method revealed highly conductive zones with conductivity of less than 226 Ωm and above to the depth of 38 m. The images show subsurface resistivity distribution at the Eastern part of the study area trending Eastward with prominence at the center and distributed North - East which has been interpreted as loosed or migration zones of leachate. The depth estimate revealed lateral spread of leachate from the surface to maximum depth (38 m) probed which agrees with the borehole lithology of probable materials present within the study area. The study has revealed that the area is generally highly conductive due to the presences of toxic elements while the loosed zones are prospective locations for infiltration of contaminant plums (leachate) from the 3D model view

Delineation of factors that control hydrocarbon source rock maturity in Anambra and Abakaliki Basins South-Eastern Nigeria

Outcrop information from Abakaliki and Anambra were used in this study to characterize the source and reservoir rocks in the two basins in order to give indication(s) for hydrocarbon generation potential in the basins to minimize uncertainty and risk that are allied with exploration and field development of oil and gas. Outrop mapping method was used to carry out geological, stratigraphical, geochemical, structural, petrographical, and sedimentological studies of rock units from outcrop sections within the two basins. Thirty-eight samples of shale were collected fromthese Basins in stratified mode of random sampling, and geochemical analysis (rockeval) was performed on the samples to determine the total organic content (TOC) and to assess the oil generating window. The results were analyzed, to properly characterize the potential source rock(s) and reservoir rock(s) in the basins, and factor(s) that can favour hydrocarbon traps. The results of the geological, stratigraphical, sedimentological, geochemical, and structural mapping were used to develop a new model for hydrocarbon generation in the Basins. The result of the geochemical analysis of shale samples from the Anambra Basin shows that the TOC values are ≥%, Tmax ≥℃, Vitrinite reflectance values are ≥.%, and S1+S2 values are >./ for Mamu Formation while shale samples from other formations within Anambra Basin fall out of these ranges. The shale unit in the Mamu Formation is the major source rock for oil generation in the Anambra Basin while others have potential for gas generation with very little oil generation. The shale samples from Abakaliki Basin show that S1+S2 values range from <−/, TOC values range from 0.31-4.55wt%, vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.41-1.24% and Tmax ranges from ℃−℃. This result also shows that there is no source rock for oil generation in Abakaliki Basin; it is either gas or graphite.Keywords: Source rock, kerogen type, Abakaliki Basin, Anambra Basin, Oil generating windo

Foreign trade-economic growth nexus: Evidence from Nigeria

This study examines the nexus between foreign trade and economic growth in Nigeria using quarterly time-series data for 1981Q1 through 2010Q4. In order to fully account for feedbacks, a vector autoregressive model is utilized. The results show that there is a stable, long- run relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. The variance decomposition results show that the predominant sources of Nigeria economic growth variation are due largely to "own shocks" and foreign trade innovations. The study therefore recommends adoption of trade expansion policies as a means of accelerating economic growth in Nigeria