ELEKTROMAGNETSKI TELEMETRIJSKI SUSTAVI - GDJE I ZAŠTO?

Application of electromagnetics as a mean of data transfer from bottom hole assembly to the surface during deep well drilling is described. Particularly, it is convenient when drilling with foam, aerated mud or air drilling in underbalance condition. Historic development of electromagnetics (EM) and of EM Measurement While Drilling (EM MWD) is elaborated briefly. Accentuated is the problem of attenuation of EM waves propagating through the rocks.Opisana je uporaba elektromagnetizma kao načina prijenosa pokazatelja od alatki na dnu bušotina do površine. To je posebno povoljno kod bušenja uz uporabu pjene, aerizirane isplake ili ispuhavanja pri bušenju u uvjetima podtlaka. Sažeto je prikazan povijesni razvitak elektromagnetizma i elektromagnetske telemetrije. Naglašen je problem slabljenja elektromagnetskih valova pri prolazu kroz stijene

ELEKTROMAGNETSKI TELEMETRIJSKI SUSTAVI - GDJE I ZAŠTO?

Application of electromagnetics as a mean of data transfer from bottom hole assembly to the surface during deep well drilling is described. Particularly, it is convenient when drilling with foam, aerated mud or air drilling in underbalance condition. Historic development of electromagnetics (EM) and of EM Measurement While Drilling (EM MWD) is elaborated briefly. Accentuated is the problem of attenuation of EM waves propagating through the rocks.Opisana je uporaba elektromagnetizma kao načina prijenosa pokazatelja od alatki na dnu bušotina do površine. To je posebno povoljno kod bušenja uz uporabu pjene, aerizirane isplake ili ispuhavanja pri bušenju u uvjetima podtlaka. Sažeto je prikazan povijesni razvitak elektromagnetizma i elektromagnetske telemetrije. Naglašen je problem slabljenja elektromagnetskih valova pri prolazu kroz stijene

INFLUENCE OF WINE ACID ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WELL BORE CEMENT SLURRIES AND HARDENED CEMENT PROPERTIES

Prilagođavanje komercijalnih vrsta domaćih ce-menata za upotrebu pri cementiranju dubokih bušotina je proces kojim jugoslavenska naftna privreda nastoji samostalno rješavali probleme kvalitetnog opremanja tih bušotina, U težnji pronalaženja domaćeg, jeftinog i djelotvornog usporivača vremena zgušćavanja cementne kaše, obavljena su ispitivanja primjenjivosti vinske kiseline. Osim provjere potrebnog sadržaja vinske kiseline za poželjna reo-loška svojstva, provjereno je i djelovanje tog dodatka na svojstva dobivenih uzoraka cementnog kamena.Adaptation of commercial types of domestic cements for use in cementing the deep wells is a process by which Yugoslav oil industry tends to solve problems of completion of those wells independently. In order to design a domestic, cheep and effective retarder, tests of applicability of wine acid on cement slurries have been carried out. Besides examining the necessary wine acid content to achieve desirable Theological properties, the influence of this additive on properties of hardened cement samples has been tested too

THE APPLICATION OF LASERS IN MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW THROUGH DRILLING BIT NOZZLES

Prikazane su dvije optičke metode za precizno mjerenje brzine protjecanja fluida: mjerenje brzine na temelju Dopplerovog efekta upotrebom lasera (LDV) i mjerenje brzine fotogramom čestica (PIV), uz postupke za digitalnu obradu signala i snimaka. Prikazana je primjena tih metoda u ispitivanju protjecanja kroz mlaznice dlijeta za bušenje. Uz kratki pregled uloge mlaznica u bušenju, navedeni su dosad primijenjivani postupci njihovog optimiranja. Prikazani su i uzorci rezultata mjerenja mlaznog protjecanja LDV i PIV metodom za mlaznicu kružnog presjeka. Ukratko je komentirana postava eksperimenta zajedno s tijekom ispitivanja. Uz potencijalna poboljšanja mjerene opreme, navedene su mogućnosti upotrebe LDV i PIV metoda u brojnim primjenama u naftnom inženjerstvu.Two optical methods based on laser and video technology and digital signal and image processing techniques - Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and Particle image velocimetry (PIV) were applied in highly accurate fluid flow measurement. Their application in jet velocity measurement of flows through drilling bit nozzles is presented. The role of nozzles in drilling technology together with procedures and tests performed on their optimization are reviewed. In addition, some experimental results for circular nozzle obtained both with LDV and PIV are elaborated. The experimental set-up and the testing procedure arc briefly discussed, as well as potential improvements in the design. Possible other applications of LDV and PIV in the domain of petroleum engineering are suggested

THE APPLICATION OF LASERS IN MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW THROUGH DRILLING BIT NOZZLES

Prikazane su dvije optičke metode za precizno mjerenje brzine protjecanja fluida: mjerenje brzine na temelju Dopplerovog efekta upotrebom lasera (LDV) i mjerenje brzine fotogramom čestica (PIV), uz postupke za digitalnu obradu signala i snimaka. Prikazana je primjena tih metoda u ispitivanju protjecanja kroz mlaznice dlijeta za bušenje. Uz kratki pregled uloge mlaznica u bušenju, navedeni su dosad primijenjivani postupci njihovog optimiranja. Prikazani su i uzorci rezultata mjerenja mlaznog protjecanja LDV i PIV metodom za mlaznicu kružnog presjeka. Ukratko je komentirana postava eksperimenta zajedno s tijekom ispitivanja. Uz potencijalna poboljšanja mjerene opreme, navedene su mogućnosti upotrebe LDV i PIV metoda u brojnim primjenama u naftnom inženjerstvu.Two optical methods based on laser and video technology and digital signal and image processing techniques - Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and Particle image velocimetry (PIV) were applied in highly accurate fluid flow measurement. Their application in jet velocity measurement of flows through drilling bit nozzles is presented. The role of nozzles in drilling technology together with procedures and tests performed on their optimization are reviewed. In addition, some experimental results for circular nozzle obtained both with LDV and PIV are elaborated. The experimental set-up and the testing procedure arc briefly discussed, as well as potential improvements in the design. Possible other applications of LDV and PIV in the domain of petroleum engineering are suggested

Redox-engineering enhances maize thermotolerance and grain yield in the field

Contains fulltext : 252904.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)08 juli 202

The 1,3-diaryltriazenido(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) complexes with a high in vitro anticancer activity ☆

1,3-Diaryltriazenes (1) were let to react with [RuCl 2 (p-cymene)] 2 in the presence of trimethylamine to give neutral 1,3-diaryltriazenido(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) complexes, [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (2). The molecular composition of the products 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structures of the selected complexes were confirmed by a single crystal X-ray analysis. All triazenido-ruthenium complexes were highly cytotoxic against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells with IC 50 below 6 μM, as determined by a spectrophotometric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) method. The most active was [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (Ar = 4-Cl-3-(CF 3 )-C 6 H 3 ) (2g) with IC 50 of 0.103 ± 0.006 μM. In comparison with the data for the non-coordinated triazenes 1, the triazenido-ruthenium complexes 2 exhibited up to 560-times higher activity. Three selected complexes were highly cytotoxic also against several tumor cell lines: laryngeal carcinoma HEp-2 cells and their drug-resistant HEp-2 subline (7 T), colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells, lung adenocarcinoma H460 cells, and mammary carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells. The compounds 2g and [RuCl(p-cymene)(ArNNNAr)] (Ar = 4-I-C 6 H 4 ) (2j) were similarly cytotoxic against parental and drug-resistant cells. Time and dose dependent accumulation of the cells in the S phase of the cell cycle was induced by the compound 2g, triggering apoptosis. Our preliminary results indicate triazenido-ruthenium complexes as promising anticancer drug candidates

Značenje vremena od dolaska u prvu zdravstvenu ustanovu do postizanja reperfuzije i ukupnog trajanja ishemije u bolesnika s akutnim infarktom miokarda s ST-elevacijom liječenih primarnom perkutanom koronarnom intervencijom

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of door-to-balloon time and symptom onset-to-balloon time on the prognosis of patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI ) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Croatian Primary PCI Network. A total of 1190 acute STEMI patients treated with primary PCI were prospectively investigated in eight centers across Croatia (677 non-transferred, 513 transferred). All patients were divided according to door-to-balloon time in three subgroups (180 minutes) and according to symptom onset-to-balloon time in three subgroups (360 minutes). The postprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow, in-hospital mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (mortality, pectoral angina, restenosis, reinfarction, coronary artery by-pass graft and cerebrovascular accident rate) in six-month follow-up were compared between the subgroups. The Croatian Primary PCI Network ensures results of treatment of acute STEMI comparable with randomized studies and registries abroad. None of the result differences among the door-to-balloon time subgroups was statistically significant. Considering the symptom onset-to-balloon time subgroups, a statistically significant difference at multivariate level was highest for in-hospital mortality in the subgroup of patients with longest onset-to-balloon time (4.5 vs.2.6 vs. 5.7%; p=0.04). Door-to-balloon time is one of the metrics of organization quality of primary PCI network and targets for quality improvement, but without an impact on early and sixmonth follow-up results of treatment for acute STEMI . Symptom onset-to-balloon time is more accurate for this purpose; unfortunately, reduction of the symptom onset-to-balloon time is more complex than reduction of the former.Cilj studije bio je procijeniti utjecaj vremena od dolaska u prvu zdravstvenu ustanovu do postizanja reperfuzije (engl. door-to-balloon time) i vremena od početka simptoma do postizanja reperfuzije (engl. symptom onset-to-balloon time) na prognozu bolesnika s akutnim infarktom miokarda s ST-elevacijom (STEMI ) liječenih primarnom perkutanom koronarnom intervencijom (PCI) u sklopu Hrvatske mreže primarne PCI. Autori su prospektivno istraživali 1190 bolesnika s akutnim STEMI liječenih primarnom PCI u osam centara u svim dijelovima Republike Hrvatske (677 netransferiranih, 513 transferiranih). Bolesnici su podijeljeni prema vremenu door-to-balloon u tri podskupine (180 minuta), kao i prema vremenu symptom onset-to-balloon (360 minuta). Između podskupina su uspoređivani postproceduralni TIMI protok, unutarbolnička smrtnost i veliki nepovoljni kardiovaskularni događaji (smrtnost, angina pektoris, restenoza, reinfarkt, aortokoronarno premoštenje i cerebrovaskularni incident) tijekom šestomjesečnog praćenja. Hrvatska mreža primarne PCI osigurava rezultate liječenja akutnog STEMI usporedive s inozemnim randomiziranim studijama i registrima. Između poskupina prema vremenu door-to-balloon niti jedna od rezultatskih razlika nije bila statistički značajna. Između podskupina prema vremenu symptom onset-to-balloon statistički značajna razlika na multivarijatnoj razini bila je ona najviše unutarbolničke smrtnosti u podskupini s najduljim navedenim vremenom (4,5 nasuprot 2,6 nasuprot 5,7%; p=0,04). Vrijeme door-to-balloon je jedna od mjera organizacijske kvalitete mreže primarne PCI i cilj za poboljšanje kvalitete iste, ali bez utjecaja na rane i šestomjesečne rezultate liječenja akutnog STEMI . Vrijeme symptom onset-to-balloon je preciznije za potonje potrebe. Skraćenje vremena symptom onset-to-balloon je, nažalost, složenije nego skraćenje prvoga vremena

Sedmogodišnji trendovi u rezultatima hrvatske mreže primarne perkutane koronarne intervencije

The authors investigated trends in the Croatian primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (pPCI) Network results among three consecutive time intervals (2005-2007, first phase; 2008-2009, second phase; and 2010-2011, third phase). Data on 5650 patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST-elevation (STEMI ) transferred or directly admitted and treated with pPCI in 11 Croatian PCI centers during the study period were collected and analyzed. The number of patients with acute STEMI treated with pPCI per year rose continuously during the study period (581 vs.1272 vs. 1949 patients/year). The patient risk profile worsened during the study period: age (60 vs. 61 vs. 63 years; p<0.01), anterior myocardial wall involvement (43% vs. 44% vs. 51%; p<0.01), shock rate (7% vs. 9% vs. 11%; p<0.05), and percentage of transferred patients (42% vs. 36% vs. 46%; p<0.01). While the door-to-balloon time shortened (108 vs. 98 vs. 75 min; p<0.01), the symptom onset-to-door time increased (130 vs. 175 vs. 195 min; p<0.01), but without statistically significant influence on the total ischemic time. Multivariate log-linear analysis eliminated influence of a higher risk profile on the results of treatment and yielded no statistically significant changes in final TIMI 3 flow (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3), in-hospital mortality, and six-month mortality rate, but revealed a significant increase in the rate of angina pectoris (12 vs. 22 vs. 36%; p<0.01) and other major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; 6 vs. 23 vs. 14%; p<0.01) during follow up. In conclusion, the Croatian pPCI Network continuously ensures very good results of STEMI treatment in this economically less developed European country despite worsening of the risk profile in treated patients and opening of new, less experienced PCI centers. The higher percentage of MACE over time could be explained by changes in the pPCI strategy introduced over time (the culprit lesion only) and higher availability of PCI centers for additional PCI after acute STEMI. However, there is room for improvement, especially in reducing prehospital delay.Autori su istražili trendove u rezultatima Hrvatske mreže primarne perkutane koronarne intervencije (primary percutaneous coronary intervention, pPCI) između tri razdoblja (2005.-2007. (prva faza), 2008.-2009. (druga faza), 2010.-2011. (treća faza)). Prikupljeni su i izračunati podaci o 5650 bolesnika s akutnim infarktom sa ST-elevacijom (STEMI ) transportiranih ili izravno zaprimljenih i liječenih pomoću pPCI u 11 hrvatskih PCI centara tijekom toga vremena. Godišnji broj bolesnika s akutnim STEMI liječenih pomoću pPCI kontinuirano je rastao tijekom istraživanog vremena (581 prema 1272 prema 1949 bolesnika/godina). Rizični profil bolesnika se pogoršao kroz istraživano vrijeme: dob (60 prema 61 prema 63 godine; p<0,01), zahvaćanje prednje miokardijalne stijenke (43% prema 44% prema 51%; p<0,01), udio šoka (7% prema 9% prema 11%; p<0,05), postotak transportiranih bolesnika (42% prema 36% prema 46%; p<0,01). Dok se vrijeme od dolaska u bolnicu do uvođenja balona skraćivalo (108 prema 98 prema 75 min; p<0,01), vrijeme od nastupa simptoma do dolaska u bolnicu se produžavalo (130 prema 175 prema 195 min; p<0,01), ali bez statistički značajnog utjecaja na ukupno vrijeme ishemije. Multivarijatna log-linearna analiza, eliminirajući utjecaj višeg rizičnog profila na rezultate liječenja, nije pronašla statistički značajne promjene u završnom protoku TIMI 3 (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3), bolničkom pobolu i smrtnosti tijekom šest mjeseci, ali je pokazala značajan porast učestalosti pektoralne angine (12% prema 22% prema 36%; p<0,01) i drugih velikih nepovoljnih kardiovaskularnih događaja (major adverse cardiovascular events, MACE) (6% prema 23% prema 14%; p<0,01) za vrijeme praćenja. Zaključno, Hrvatska mreža pPCI kontinuirano osigurava vrlo dobre rezultate liječenja STEMI u ovoj slabije razvijenoj zapadnoj zemlji unatoč pogoršanju rizičnog profila liječenih bolesnika, kao i otvaranju novih i manje iskusnih PCI centara. Povećanje postotka MACE može se objasniti promjenama u strategiji pPCI tijekom vremena (pPCI samo za ciljne lezije) i većom dostupnošću PCI centara za dodatnu PCI tijekom praćenja nakon akutnog STEMI . Ipak ima prostora za poboljšanje, osobito u skraćenju predbolničkog kašnjenja

Catching Element Formation In The Act

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions.Comment: 14 pages including 3 figure