34 research outputs found
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π·ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΠΆΡΠ².In the article is considered geometric parameters of slider-crank drive and their influence on the angle of attack disk knives.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ². Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄.In the article quality are considered indicators of book-journal blocks. Technological modes of process scraps are recommended by round knifes which have a planetary drive.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄
Π ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
.The projected device can be used in inserting-sewing-cuttings aggregates (ISCA) for trimming books, magazine and brochure blocks, preparations of their spine part to the non-sewing glue fastening. In this article the decided question of upgrading trimming of folded sheet material, preparation of his spine to the non-sewing glue fastening at simplification of device, decline of power consumption, increase of the productivity of work of device, by the structural changes of device due to diminishing of total force of cutting and simultaneous implementation of additional operation. A device is contained by two circulating drums with their general drive unit, with mechanisms of carriages and cam mechanism on the one and with arc cutting instruments on the second.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ SolidWorks
Π Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ SolidWorks ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ.It is known that the design of new printing equipment or upgrading existing always accompanied by technical difficulties, such as, labor intensiveness of design and planning, a relatively large time consuming of design, manufacture and testing of test samples, determination of quality and technical level embedded design results in production. Some tasks, such as continuous processing of spine of book block before applying glue, can not be solved effectively without integration in the process of design various computer-aided design software. For solving such task the authors was created animated 3D model of the device processing of spine of book block before applying glue in binding method. With a help of SolidWorks was created a mathematical model for analyzing device kinematic and dynamic characteristics. Using CAD software allows creating mathematical models for the analysis of the mechanism with the corresponding graphical display of kinematic variables: velocity and acceleration of any point of the set mechanism based on time or crank angle. The main advantage of CAD software in the design of the mechanism is the possibilities of automatic recalculation of all results in case of using a range of variables (for example input kinematic data). This allows you to select the best option mechanism that is designed and substantially reduce the time for research.Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ SolidWorks ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ
.A new slider-crank type device for continuous trimming sheet material is introduced. The device consists of transporting system clamping mechanism and knife mechanism. Semi-manufactured product is fixed on the table and transported into the cutting section where it is being fixed by the main press and cut is proceeded. To confirm the effectiveness of the mechanism a preliminary calculation is being made of the required engine power.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΡ ΡΡΡ
Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π³ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°.In the articles considered basic methods and facilities of transporting of book and magazine blocks are in a conveyor production. The comparative analysis of executive mechanisms of devices, which provide the change of direction of motion or shifting book magazine blocks, is conducted. Indicated technological operations can take place under time will stand on end an intermediate product so during its transporting. It was set that continual treatment book magazine blocks in production lines substantially promotes the productivity stitching-binding productions. Summarizing speed descriptions transport transmission built on, in particular mechanisms of shifting of blocks, change of their direction of motion, it is necessary to mark, that the important index of quality of implementation of every technological operation of treatment of book block is the high-quality basing of ready-to-cook foods, necessary exactness of their keeping and smoothing from two sides. Pass transport transmission the row of advantages has devices. The structural features of ribbon of pass allow freely it to move on sending which do impossible the origin of transversal vibrations. In addition sending create support and necessary effort of clamp of blocks. Synchronization of motion of intermediate conveyers and carriages of devices of shifting of book blocks can be well-to-do only in the case of application of general drive machine.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ± Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π· ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ AutoCAD.A new, analytically definite method and corresponding analytical dependencies for the exact determination of trajectory of cutting a counterfoil of book block by the rotor device with the round knives revolving together with rotor are offered in the paper. The book block thus moves past the rotor device. The found analytical dependencies were tested by geometrical modelling in AutoCAD.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ AutoCAD
Age estimation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) based on morphometric traits
The use of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is still controversial, especially in managed forests, due to its invasive nature. The black locust has been proven effective in reclamation of degraded lands when native species are not an alternative in the face of the climate change and desertification. Therefore, the importance of black locust in European ecosystems remains a matter of debate. Of course, it is an adventitious species originating from another continent. However, the ecological characteristics of the species in its natural range are very useful for ensuring the restoration of vegetation cover in areas that have experienced significant anthropogenic pressure. This species has a large number of important and useful features that make it an important agent in the forestry system and provide significant environmental and economic benefits. The status of black locust as an invasive species, i.e. one that is capable of uncontrolled spread, remains speculative. Such a conclusion requires various studies, including those identifying exact age of the plants based on morphometric parameters. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that plant height and trunk diameter will allow for an accurate assessment of black locust age. The plants of black locust were measured in the zone of spontaneous self-seeding of plants from a planted 60-years-old forest. The plants dispersed towards a fallow land, formed in the corner of an agricultural field. The spreading began 15 to 20 years ago. The plants are mainly propagated by seedlings. An expert estimated the age of the plants visually. The measured trees were cut to obtain cross sections to account for the number of annual rings. A total of 68 trees were examined for morphometric characters. Black locust communities during self-dispersal are represented by individuals of different ages. The spatial pattern of distribution of individuals of different ages can reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics of the formation of spontaneous populations of black locust. For this purpose, it is critical to accurately identify the age of a large sample. Expert estimation of age is fast and fairly accurate, but it depends greatly on the qualifications of the expert and oftentimes plant ages are underestimated, especially in the early stages of population development. Plant height is also a good predictor of plant age, but the model gives poor predictions for plants older than 10 years. The tree height ranged 2.3 to 16.0 meters. The diameter at breast height (DBH) ranged 1.0 to 17.5 cm. The diameter at the root collar (DRC) ranged 1.6 to 21.7 cm. The age of the studied trees, determined by the number of annual rings per transect, ranged 6 to 17 years. The age of the trees according to the expert estimates was 8.2 Β± 4.8 years. The expert estimates of age and the age according to the number of annual rings were statistically significantly different. The expert estimates of tree age were linearly related to tree size, while estimates of the number of annual rings showed a logarithmic relationship with tree height. Expert estimates also showed a closer relationship with tree height, while the relationship of estimates based on the number of annual rings had a slightly lower dependence on the morphometric traits. Regression analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between morphometric traits of the black locust. The coefficient of determination for the dependence of diameter at breast height on tree height was 0.96, and for the dependence of diameter at the base of the trunk on diameter at breast height was 0.97. This indicates a high level of multicollinearity of these morphometric traits when considering them as predictors of plant age. Taking into account the diameter at breast height and the diameter at the level of the root collar significantly improved the predictive ability of the model for identifying the age of the black locust trees
Urban park layers: Spatial variation in plant community structure
Horizontal structure of natural plant communities attracted the attention of researchers for a long time, while the problem of horizontal structure of urban park plantations was not studied sufficiently. Species richness of different tiers of park plantation in the large industrial city of Dnipro (Ukraine) was revealed in this study. Also features of variation in the structure of plant communities at different spatial levels were revealed, the influence of park plantation canopy on the understory and herbaceous layer of the park. There were 30 plant species in the tree layer of the park plantation. The most common species were Robinia pseudoacacia L., Acer platanoides L., A. negundo L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Populus carolinensis Moench. The variance-to-mean ratio revealed that 13 tree species were randomly distributed throughout the park, and 14 species were aggregated. The number of occurrences of a given tree species per site and variance-to-mean ratio were positively correlated. The numerous tree species showed a tendency of aggregated distribution within the park. Sixteen plant species were found in the understory. Among them, the most abundant species were Acer platanoides L., A. negundo L., A. pseudoplatanus L., Sambucus nigra L., Robinia pseudoacacia L. Eight species were found to be randomly distributed over the park area, and eight species showed an aggregate distribution. The number of species encountered in the understory and variance-to-mean ratio were positively correlated. In the herbaceous stand, 99 plant species were found, of which Chelidonium majus L., Viola odorata L., Impatiens parviflora DC., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Geum urbanum L. predominated. The variance-to-mean ratio of all species was significantly less than unity, indicating regular spatial distribution. The values of alpha- and gamma-diversity of the plant community in separate layers are very different. The highest gamma diversity was found for the herbaceous stand, while the diversity of the tree stand and understory was significantly lower. Alpha biodiversity of the tree stand and the understory did not practically differ. Beta diversity values between the layers are very close, and beta diversity is practically equal for tree stand and herbaceous layer. Thus, we can assume that the mechanisms of species turnover for the plant communities of different layers are determined by the common causes. The spatial broad-scale component was able to explain 8.2% of community variation, the medium-scale component was able to explain 4.2% of community variation, and the fine-scale component was able to explain 0.7% of community variation. The understory is the most sensitive to the environmental factors, the herbaceous stand is somewhat less sensitive, and the tree stand is the least sensitive to the environmental factors. The environmental factors in this study are represented by a set of variables. The spatial variation of the stand is predominantly influenced by the factors of trophicity and moisture of the edaphotope. These same factors also act on the herbaceous stand and understory, but along with them are included the environmental variables, which are determined by the architectonics of the crown space and thus the light regime, which is regulated by the tree stand. It is important to note that the variation of the communities of the different layers of the park plantation is subject to spatial patterns. The herbaceous and understory variation is more spatially structured than the tree stand variation. The spatial patterns can arise as a result of the influence of spatially structured environmental factors and as a result of factors of a neutral nature. The latter aspect of variation is best described by the pure spatial component of community variation
Ecological-climatic characteristics of the flora of a floodplain landscape in Southeastern Europe
Floodplain ecosystems take on the role of active areas of biodiversity and provide many βecosystem servicesβ, as evidenced by a number of European scientific references. A biodiversity analysis of river floodplains in six European countries within the temperate zone has shown that the floodplains are habitats with a high-level of structural and functional dynamics. The level of their conservation reflects the floristic diversity of forest territories, which is especially important for subarid areas. Recently, a comparison of bioecological characteristics of flora in floodplain forest areas and treeless territories was conducted on the floodplain landscapes of a subarid region of Europe. The valley-terraced landscape of the Samara River, a tributary of the Dnieper can serve as a reference site of native plant complexes of subarid territory in Eastern Europe. Despite long-term anthropogenic transformation, the landscape has retained a significant phytodiversity level. The flora of the Samara River area includes 887 plant species. Of these, 177 species belonging to the rare and endangered categories. The floodplain landscape is the richest in species and most diverse part of this complex. The flora of the Samara floodplain includes 728 species (including 132 rare ones), of which 631 grow in forest communities, and 487 β in anthropogenically transformed, treeless floodplain areas. As part of the forest flora, the number of tree and shrubby species, scyophytes, hygrophytes, and megatrophs significantly increases compared to treeless sites, and the number of ruderal plant species decreases. The floristic composition of the floodplain forests of the subarid region is much richer and more diverse than the flora of the treeless floodplain areas, and this should encourage measures for their protection and restoration. Afforestation of floodplain territories within the steppe zone of Ukraine should be a priority in comparison with other landscapes. For the protection of the flora studied, a scientific justification for creating the National Park "Samara Bor" was prepared. Under the conditions of anthropogenic and climatic impact, this article is of great global importance for attracting the attention of specialists, authorities and society to the protection and restoration of biodiversity in the most valuable landscapes