The intersection region is confined (shown in green) and served as the test volume for control and ethanol exposed insect flight.

The intersection region is confined (shown in green) and served as the test volume for control and ethanol exposed insect flight.</p

Experimental procedure and body variable characteristics.

A flowchart shows the experimental process. 3D flight trajectories show the untethered flights analyzed. Maximum vs. average body rotation rates for roll (p), pitch (q), and heading (r). Maximal heading and pitch rate both decrease with ethanol exposure. Roll rate is affected in 5% concentration.</p

Behavioral repertoire distribution by ethanol concentration.

Behavioural diversity was estimated via proportional analysis on manual labels. The results indicate a dominance of turning flight, where behaviors were consistent across concentrations, and that 1% and 5% trials had higher incidences of descending and ascending flight, respectively.</p

Mean <i>μ</i>_<i>i</i> and standard deviation <i>σ</i>_<i>i</i> of <i>i</i> = [0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%] concentration datasets for wing variables for trial-wise and bulk wingstrokewise analysis.

Asterisks indicate significant p-values (***<0.001, **<0.01, * < 0.05).</p

Characterizing body <i>B</i> and wing <i>W</i> variables in flight sequence.

Characterizing body B and wing W variables in flight sequence.</p

Wing kinematics: Bulk (left column) and trial-wise (right column).

Stroke vs deviation angle of each concentration’s mean wingstroke pattern (top row) shows the increasingly planar strokes with concentration in bulk analysis, while the individual analysis shows deviation from the trend in 5% concentration. Wing stroke and deviation angle stroke histories (bottom 2 rows, τ denotes non-dimensional time) are shown as for each concentration’s mean stroke μ ± its standard deviation σ. Stroke histories illustrate how the ethanol-related changes exceed standard deviations.</p

Raw datasets.

Raw datasets of honey bee flights with different concentrations of ethanol exposure. (ZIP)</p

Tunnel setup attached to a beehive with camera setup to film the intersection.

Tunnel setup attached to a beehive with camera setup to film the intersection.</p

Ethanol exposed flight digitization.

A sample video footage where a 0% bee and 1% bee are flying together. Their reconstructions and planar wing motion are shown. (MP4)</p

Definition of wing variables.

Stroke plane angle β and dorsal bias δ are determined relative to planar wingtip motion.</p