Study of the State and Dynamics of Wear of The Side Lining in the Cathodes of Aluminium Cells

For increasing the service life of the side lining of the reduction cell (operating at 300kA), processes leading to the destruction of SiC blocks (from different manufactures) have been studied. Based on autopsies, X-ray spectrum and phase analyses, it has been found out that gaps and scales between SiC blocks and the shell of the cell are formed during cell operation. The mentioned defects affect the process of heat transfer and the service life of the cell. The wear rate of side blocks (from different manufacturers) has been identified. It is shown that, due to the design of the attachment of SiC block to the shell, thermal deformations of the shell (under which SiC blocks are bent) lead to the damage of SiC blocks at the upper level of the bath.Для повышения срока службы бортовой футеровки электролизеров производства первичного алюминия, работающих на силе тока 300 кА, проведено исследование процессов разрушения SiC-блоков различных производителей. На основе результатов сухих выбоек электролизеров, рентгеноспектрального и фазового анализа выявлено, что в процессе работы между SiC-блоками и кожухами электролизеров образуются дефекты в виде зазоров и слоев окалины, которые препятствуют теплопередаче и сокращают срок службы электролизеров. Проведена оценка динамики максимального износа бортовых блоков различных производителей. Показано, что из-за конструктивного защемления фланцевым листом температурные деформации кожуха вызывают изгиб карбидокремниевых блоков и их повреждение на уровне расположения зеркала расплава электролита

Study of the State and Dynamics of Wear of The Side Lining in the Cathodes of Aluminium Cells

For increasing the service life of the side lining of the reduction cell (operating at 300kA), processes leading to the destruction of SiC blocks (from different manufactures) have been studied. Based on autopsies, X-ray spectrum and phase analyses, it has been found out that gaps and scales between SiC blocks and the shell of the cell are formed during cell operation. The mentioned defects affect the process of heat transfer and the service life of the cell. The wear rate of side blocks (from different manufacturers) has been identified. It is shown that, due to the design of the attachment of SiC block to the shell, thermal deformations of the shell (under which SiC blocks are bent) lead to the damage of SiC blocks at the upper level of the bath.Для повышения срока службы бортовой футеровки электролизеров производства первичного алюминия, работающих на силе тока 300 кА, проведено исследование процессов разрушения SiC-блоков различных производителей. На основе результатов сухих выбоек электролизеров, рентгеноспектрального и фазового анализа выявлено, что в процессе работы между SiC-блоками и кожухами электролизеров образуются дефекты в виде зазоров и слоев окалины, которые препятствуют теплопередаче и сокращают срок службы электролизеров. Проведена оценка динамики максимального износа бортовых блоков различных производителей. Показано, что из-за конструктивного защемления фланцевым листом температурные деформации кожуха вызывают изгиб карбидокремниевых блоков и их повреждение на уровне расположения зеркала расплава электролита

Self-Assembled Particles Combining SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein and RBD DNA Vaccine Induce Synergistic Enhancement of the Humoral Response in Mice

Despite the fact that a range of vaccines against COVID-19 have already been created and are used for mass vaccination, the development of effective, safe, technological, and affordable vaccines continues. We have designed a vaccine that combines the recombinant protein and DNA vaccine approaches in a self-assembled particle. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was conjugated to polyglucin:spermidine and mixed with DNA vaccine (pVAXrbd), which led to the formation of particles of combined coronavirus vaccine (CCV-RBD) that contain the DNA vaccine inside and RBD protein on the surface. CCV-RBD particles were characterized with gel filtration, electron microscopy, and biolayer interferometry. To investigate the immunogenicity of the combined vaccine and its components, mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine pVAXrbd or RBD protein as well as CCV-RBD particles. The highest antigen-specific IgG and neutralizing activity were induced by CCV-RBD, and the level of antibodies induced by DNA or RBD alone was significantly lower. The cellular immune response was detected only in the case of DNA or CCV-RBD vaccination. These results demonstrate that a combination of DNA vaccine and RBD protein in one construct synergistically increases the humoral response to RBD protein in mice