An assessment on the role of endophytic microbes in the therapeutic potential of Fagonia indica

Abstract Background Natural products of animals, plants and microbes are potential source of important chemical compounds, with diverse applications including therapeutics. Endophytic bacteria that are especially associated with medicinal plants presents a reservoir of therapeutic compounds. Fagonia indica has been recently investigated by numerous researchers because of its striking therapeutic potential especially in cancer. It is also reported that endophytes play a vital role in the biosynthesis of various metabolites; therefore we believe that endophytes associated with F. indica are of crucial importance in this regard. The present study aims successful isolation, molecular identification of endophytic bacteria and their screening for bioactive metabolites quantification and in vitro pharmacological activities. Methods 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for the identification of isolated endophytic bacteria. Methanolic extracts were evaluated for total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total anti-oxidant assays were performed. And also screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities by disc diffusion method and their MIC were calculated by broth dilution method using microplate reader. Further, standard protocols were followed for antileishmanial activity and protein kinase inhibition. Analysis and statistics were performed using SPSS, Table curve and Origin 8.5 for graphs. Results Bacterial strains belonging to various genera (Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Erwinia and Stenotrophomonas) were isolated and identified. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoids contents varies among all the bacterial extracts respectively in which Bacillus subtilis showed high phenolic contents 243 µg/mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia showed high flavonoids contents 15.9 µg/mg quercitin equivalents (QA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) 37.6 µg/mg of extract, reducing power (RP) 206 µg/mg of extract and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity with 98.7 μg/mL IC50 value. Although all the extracts tested were active to inhibit growth of selected pathogenic microbes (bacteria and fungi), but significant antibacterial activity was observed against Klebsiella pneumonia and B. subtilis. An Enterobacter cloaca was active against Leishmania tropica with IC50 value of 1.4 µg/mg extracts. B. subtilis and Bacillus tequilensis correspondingly exhibit significant protein kinase inhibition of 47 ± 0.72 and 42 ± 1.21 mm bald zones, indicating anti-infective and antitumor potential. Conclusions Our findings revealed that crude extracts of selected endophytic bacteria from F. indica possess excellent biological activities indicating their potential as an important source of antibiotics (antifungal, antibacterial) compounds

Zeolite-microfragmenting Media: A Potential Strategy to Accelerate Coral Growth

Coral reef is a critical underwater ecosystem that is rich in biodiversity. Coral growth has decreased drastically due to physical and chemical threats, such as the effect of warming seawater, fish bombing activities, and the effects of wastewater. The efficiency level of coral transplantation is determined by many factors, including the stability of the environment physical condition, the level of coral diversity, and the method of transplantation. The influence of the planting medium can also be a key factor in succeeding the coral transplantation process. The use of stable and natural growing media can be a solution to replace conventional growing media that have been used. Zeolite material is a medium that has many advantages such as amending the trace elemental contents of saltwater such as carbon absorbents, detoxifiers, ammonia remover, catalysts, promoting marine micro-algal growth, become a media for bacterial growth, etc. This review discusses the possibility of zeolites as the candidate media that can be used as a new medium in coral transplantation process to accelerate coral growth and maintain coral health by increasing the adaptation of corals to the effects of global climate change

Antibacterial activity of local herbs collected from Murree (Pakistan) against multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumonae, E. coli and methyciline resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Exploring healing power in plants emerged in prehistory of human civilization. Sustaining good health has been achieved over the millions of years by use of plant products in various traditional sockets. A major contribution of medicinal plants to health care systems is their limitless possession of bioactive components that stimulate explicit physiological actions. Luckily Pakistan is blessed with huge reservoir of plants with medicinal potential and some of them; we focused in this study for their medicinal importance.In this study we checked the antibacterial activity inherent in Ricinus communis, Solanum nigrum, Dodonaea viscose and Berberis lyceum extracts for multidrug resistance bacterial strains Klebsiella pneumonae, E. coli and methyciline resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA showed sensitivity for Ricinus communis. Multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumonae was sensitive with Pine roxburgii and Ricinus communis but weakly susceptible for Solanum nigrum. Multidrug resistant E. coli was resistant to all plant extracts. Treatment of severe infections caused by the bacterial strains used in this study with Ricinus communis, Pine roxburgii and Solanum nigrum can lower the undesired side effects of synthetic medicine and also reduce the economic burden

Antioxidant Activity Between Defatted and Different Solvent Temperature in Rice Bran var. IR-64 Extract

The extraction of bioactive components in rice bran is influenced by various factors, including defatted treatment and temperature. The aim of this study was to know the yields, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity by defatted and solvent temperature treatment extraction in rice bran. The defatted treatment was not significant effect on the antioxidant activity of rice bran extract. Temperature treatment significantly increased antioxidant activity in rice bran extract. The yield obtained in the control (non-defatted) was 17.19 % with antioxidant activity of 66.30 % and phenol content of 148.6 mg GAE g−1 extract. While the yield on the defatted treatment showed a result of 0.49 % with antioxidant activity of 67.33 % and a phenol level of 53.34 mg GAE g−1 extract. The room temperature treatments on 50 °C and 70 °C obtained yields around 17.19 %; 9.81 % and 7.34 % with antioxidant activity 67.3 %; 82.09 % and 77.83 % and phenol content was 148.6 mg GAE g −1 extract, 91.7 mg GAE g −1 extract and 59.8 mg GAE g −1 extract. Defatted treatment was not significant effect on the antioxidant activity. Therefore, the optimum temperature of solvent that was effective to the antioxidant activity of rice bran IR-64 extract was at 50 °C

The application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Organic Matters from Black Soldier Fly Larva Culture, Calliandra, Cocopeat in the Pre-nursery Oil Palm Seedling

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are some of the bacteria that live in the rhizosphere. This research was aimed to evaluated the effect of the application of PGPR and various organic matter from black soldier fly larvae (BSF) tehnology, calliandra humus and cocopeat on the growth of pre-nursery oil palm. The research was conducted in Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta in April to July 2020. The research used factorial experimental method arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of two factors. The first factor is the concentration of PGPR which consists of four levels namely control (without PGPR), PGPR 10 mL polybag-1, 20 mL polybag-1, and 30 mL polybag-1. The second factor is various of organic matter consisting of four levels namely: control (without organic matter), organic matter from BSF larvae technology, calliandra humus and cocopeat. The research data were analyzed using analysis of varians (ANOVA) and follow up test with DMRT. The results showed that the various of organic matter affect the pre-nursery oil palm growth, the best is Calliandra humus. The PGPR application was able to increase the growth of pre nursery oil palm seedlings, the best dose is 10 mL polybag-1

Antimicrobial Activity and Cytoxicity of Several Sumbawa Traditional Oils (

Sumbawa oil or Minyak Sumbawa, is one of Indonesia’s original traditional oils used for more than just external applications and is believed to treat various diseases, from body aches and stomach infections to post-surgery treatment. However, there still needs to be more research that scientifically discusses its medicinal effects. This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of several locally made Minyak Sumbawa in Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Minyak Sumbawa from Batu Lanteh (BTL) showed the highest antimicrobial properties against Salmonella thypi, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus compared to those from Lunyuk (LNK), Pernek (PRN), Taliwang (TLW), Utan (UTN) and from Sumbawa Besar (SBW). In contrast, Minyak Sumbawa from Labuan Badas (BDS) has the highest activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Using the BSLT method, all samples showed low toxicity. The result showed that Minyak Sumbawa has various activities against gram-positive and negative bacteria and is safe for consumption overall. Since the oils were made with different recipes, therefore it will affect its chemical constituent. On the other hand, Minyak Sumbawa can be modified accordingly for specific health benefits by adjusting and standardizing the recipe to improve the quality of Indonesian traditional medicine

Assessment of

Allium ascalonicum L. is a commodity household Indonesian consume for daily cooking. However, the constraint on shallot production is attacked by Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808)). So far, farmers have relied a lot on control methods using chemical pesticides, which negatively impact the environment. The fruit of Aegle marmelos L. contains a fatty substance called tannin, one of the compounds with a bitter taste that insects can dislike. This content is why A. marmelos is highly recommended as an organic pesticide. The study assessed the concentration of A. marmelos extracted which was effective in controlling S. exigua. The study was arranged to use a randomized block design, consisting of five treatments of A. marmelos fruit extract concentration, namely: 2 mL L–1 of water (K1); 4 mL L–1 of water (K2); 6 mL L–1 of water (K3); 8 mL L–1 of water (K4); 10 mL L–1 of water (K5) and without A. marmelos treatment (K0). The results showed that a concentration of 4 mL L–1 of water effectively suppresses the development of S. exigua and can increase A. ascalonicum production