Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen -2

On). Note that the nucleus is still in the hypha out of the incipient appressorium. (b-d) Time lapse of nuclear division within the appressorium: (b) the nucleus migrates from the hypha to the appressorium neck; (c) the nucleus divides within the appressorium neck; (d) one nucleus remains inside the appressorium and the other moves back into the hypha. (B) Effect of inhibitors on appressorium formation: (a) no treatment; (b) HU (fully developed appressorium develops without nuclear division); (c) benomyl. (C) Spores of strain H1-13 were inoculated onto onion epidermis. Pictures were taken after 24 h. (a) A hypha and an appressorium develop on the surface; a primary hypha is formed inside the plant under the appressorium. Note that the primary hypha is formed before nuclear division (arrow). (b, c) Nuclear division occurs in the appressorium after primary hypha formation. A single nucleus remains inside the appressorium: (b) projections of optical sections; (c) side view of the same sample. (d) A picture showing the spore from which infection originated, a hypha that developed on the leaf, an appressorium, and the underlying developing primary hyphae with several nuclei (arrow). Note that the spore and appressorium, which are on top of the onion epidermis, contain intact nuclei. Picture is a projection of optical sections. The scale bar is 5 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/9</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():9-9.</p><p>Published online 14 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2276476.</p><p></p

Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen -0

Min); (c) germ tube formation (90–120 min); (d,e) germ tube elongation and second nuclear division (150–180 min); (f) appressorium formation and third nuclear division (4–6 h, arrow points to the septum between the germ tube and appressorium); (g, h) formation of the second germ tube and appressorium (7–9 h). Pictures represent sequence events and are projections of optical sections. The scale bar is 5 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/9</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():9-9.</p><p>Published online 14 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2276476.</p><p></p

Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen -1

Nomyl; (g, h) LatA. The scale bar is 5 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/9</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():9-9.</p><p>Published online 14 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2276476.</p><p></p

Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen -5

Nomyl; (g, h) LatA. The scale bar is 5 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/9</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():9-9.</p><p>Published online 14 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2276476.</p><p></p

Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen -3

Developed on the surface of the onion epidermis contain intact nuclei. (b) After 48 h post inoculation the mycelium and appressoria on the leaf surface still retain intact nuclei. Pictures represent the scan of the surface without optical sections. (c, d) Projection of optical sections showing the hyphae on and inside the leaf 72 h post inoculation: (c) top view; (d) side view of the same image. Upper nuclei line is on the leaf surface. (B) Spores were germinated on a slide with PE. (a) Untreated hyphae of strain H1-13 showing intact nuclei. (b) Spores and hyphae of wild-type strain stained with FDA (positive staining indicates viable cells). (c) Spores of strain H1-13 were germinated and then treated with lovastatin, which induces apoptosis. Picture was taken 24 h after treatment. Note the abnormal development of the hyphae and smearing of the GFP signal, which indicates nuclei disintegration. (d) Spores of the wild-type strain were germinated and then treated with lovastatin. The sample was stained with FDA 24 h after lovastatin application. (C) TUNEL assay of mycelium on the onion epidermis. Spores of the wild-type strain were inoculated onto the onion epidermis. TUNEL staining was performed 48 h post infection. (a) DNAse-treated sample (positive control). (b) Control of a sample that was incubated only with labeling solution without the terminal transferase (negative control). (c) Picture showing a spore (black arrow), a mature appressorium and underlying primary hyphae (white arrow) stained with TUNEL. Lack of staining indicates lack of PCD (viable cells). The scale bar for (b-d) in (A) is 20 μm; for all others it is 5 μm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cell cycle and cell death are not necessary for appressorium formation and plant infection in the fungal plant pathogen "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/9</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():9-9.</p><p>Published online 14 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2276476.</p><p></p