Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/51</p><p>BMC Biology 2007;5():51-51.</p><p>Published online 15 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2254590.</p><p></p>(c) as well as in the growing egg-dummies (d; the position of the yellowish inner circle, , and the transparent outer ring, , is indicated). Note that the yellow pigments of the egg-spots are removed during tissue processing. (e-h) In male sp. 'bicolor' (e), for which we used a morph with only one egg-spot (f), expression was detected throughout the entire egg-spot (g), and it appears that the dark melanophores arrange around the center of expression (h), just as reported for zebrafish, where is indirectly also responsible for melanophore organization [25]. (i-l) In male (i), is expressed in the yellow blotches of the anal fin (j, k), and also in the pearly spots ('') on the posterior part of the anal fin (l). (m-p) In the basal riverine haplochromine (m), the male anal fins do not exhibit egg-spot like blotches (n) and no expression could be detected either (o, p). (q-u) is expressed in the yellowish/orange areas of the pearly spot pattern on the dorsal fins of male (q-s) and (t, u). (v-z) is expressed in the egg-dummies on the tassels at the tips of the conspicuously elongated pelvic fins of the ectodine cichlid (v-x). Female fins of (y) do not show expression (z). The control experiments show that is not expressed in female anal fins or in the "sense" control. Arrowheads refer to identical points in sequential images

Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/51</p><p>BMC Biology 2007;5():51-51.</p><p>Published online 15 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2254590.</p><p></p>consists of xanthophores, the pteridine pigments of which fluoresce at high pH. Melanophores are also present in the border area around the transparent outer ring (a melanophore is marked by an arrowhead). (d, e) Egg-spot of ; bright field (d) and fluorescence image (e)

Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/51</p><p>BMC Biology 2007;5():51-51.</p><p>Published online 15 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2254590.</p><p></p>y, were not sequenced). (b) N/S ratio of haplochromines compared to non-haplochromine cichlids as revealed from a sliding window analysis with DNASP. (c) Schematic representation of the structure of the Csf1ra protein. The gene consists of an extracellular ligand-binding domain containing five immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domains with conserved cysteines (CYS), a transmembrane domain (TMD), and an intracellular partition that contains two tyrosine kinase (TK) domains interrupted by a kinase insert domain. In the tyrosine kinase I domain (TK I) a glycine-rich region (GLY-rich) and a conserved leucine (LEU) is found, the tyrosine kinase II domain (TK II) contains a conserved tyrosine (TYR). The asterisk indicates that in one species, , the otherwise conserved cysteine at amino acid position 450 has been replaced by a tryptophan. (d) Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on more than 4100 bp of non-coding sequences of the gene locus corroborating the monophyly of the haplochromines (yellow box) and the ancestral position of , , and [7]. The asterisk indicates relatively short branches not supported by high bootstrap values or a Shimodaira-Hasegawa test. (e) Branch-scaled tree showing the N/S rates reconstructed with HyPhy. The only internal branch with a N/S > 1 is the one representing the common ancestor of the haplochromines (yellow box)

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>tions. The tree is rooted with Dhpr from urochordates. Numbers at the branches denote bootstrap values (maximum likelihood/neighbor joining) above 50%. (b) Synteny of regions in vertebrates. The human region is syntenic to two paralogons in Tetradon (Tni), stickleback (Gac), medaka (Ola) and zebrafish (Dre). was apparently lost in Tetraodon (Tni), stickleback (Gac) and medaka (Ola) and further duplicated in zebrafish, so that two duplicates, and , are found on chromosome 1. Numbered bars represent genes contributing to conserved synteny, genes that do not contribute to conserved synteny are not shown. Blue bars indicate genes that are also duplicated. Dotted lines connect orthologous genes

Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/5/51</p><p>BMC Biology 2007;5():51-51.</p><p>Published online 15 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2254590.</p><p></p>consists of xanthophores, the pteridine pigments of which fluoresce at high pH. Melanophores are also present in the border area around the transparent outer ring (a melanophore is marked by an arrowhead). (d, e) Egg-spot of ; bright field (d) and fluorescence image (e)

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>s. The tree is rooted with Gchfr from nematode. Numbers at the branches denote bootstrap values (maximum likelihood/neighbor joining) above 50%. Gchfr is duplicated in salmon and rainbow trout due to the salmonid-specific tetraploidization

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>y based on 570 AA positions. The tree is mid-point rooted. Numbers at the branches denote bootstrap values (maximum likelihood/neighbor joining). Bootstrap values above 50 are shown. Tyrp1a and Tyrp1b are assigned according to the analysis of their genomic environment. (b) Synteny of -containing regions in vertebrate genomes. The human region is syntenic to two paralogons in Tetraodon (Tni), stickleback (Gac) and medaka (Ola). was apparently lost in the zebrafish (Dre). (c) Synteny of -containing regions in vertebrate genomes. The human region is syntenic to two paralogons in stickleback, medaka and zebrafish. A pseudogene is found in Tetraodon (asterisk). Numbered bars represent genes contributing to conserved synteny, genes that do not contribute to conserved synteny are not shown. Blue bars indicate genes that are duplicated along with or , respectively. Dotted lines connect orthologous genes. (grey bars), another teleost-specific pigmentation gene duplicate [17] is found 3' of in the four teleost genomes but belongs to a different paralogon (see text)

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>ions. The tree is rooted with Spr from fruitfly. Numbers at the branches denote bootstrap values (maximum likelihood/neighbor joining) above 50%. Groups are assigned according to synteny. (b) Synteny of regions in vertebrates. The human region is syntenic to two paralogons in Takifugu (Tru), stickleback (Gac) and zebrafish (Dre). was possibly lost in Tetraodon (Tni) and medaka (Ola). Numbered bars represent genes contributing to conserved synteny, genes that do not contribute to conserved synteny are not shown. Blue indicates genes that are duplicated along with . Dotted lines connect orthologous genes

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>iopterin from GTP (top line), the Hbiopterin regeneration pathway (grey) and the synthesis of yellow pteridine pigments. The formation of orange drosopterin has not been elucidated yet in vertebrates. In , the clot enzyme is involved [53], which corresponds to the vertebrate Txnl5 protein. Asterisks indicate hypothetical reactions and question marks unidentified enzymes. Red indicates duplications during the fish-specific genome duplication, blue other types of duplication

Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of pigment synthesis pathways by gene and genome duplication in fish"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/74</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007;7():74-74.</p><p>Published online 11 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1890551.</p><p></p>sitions. The repeat region [21] was excluded from the alignment. The tree was rooted with human GPNMB. Numbers at the branches denote bootstrap values (maximum likelihood/neighbor joining) above 50%. (b) Synteny of -containing regions in vertebrate genomes. The human region is syntenic to two paralogons in Tetraodon (Tni), stickleback (Gac), medaka (Ola) and zebrafish (Dre). Numbered bars represent genes contributing to conserved synteny, genes that do not contribute to conserved synteny are not shown. Blue bars indicate genes that are duplicated along with . Dotted lines connect orthologous genes