Acute vascular rejection of xenografts: roles of natural and elicited xenoreactive antibodies in activation of vascular endothelial cells and induction of procoagulant activity

Hyperacute rejection of vascularized discordant xenografts can now be effectively managed. However, acute vascular rejection (AVR) then ensues, resulting in graft destruction, coagulopathy, or both within weeks. The aim of this study was to determine associations between humoral responses to the xenograft and the induction of AVR, coagulopathy, or both

Porcine cytomegalovirus and coagulopathy in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation

A rapidly progressive disorder termed consumptive coagulopathy (CC) has been observed frequently in pig-to-baboon renal xenotransplantation. CC may be initiated by endothelial activation and induction of procoagulant factors after immunologic injury or infection, or by molecular incompatibilities between porcine coagulation proteins and primate clotting factors. The activation of porcine (P) cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and baboon (B) CMV infections has been documented in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of PCMV and BCMV to CC