Membrane fouling reduction prospects in membrane separation plants: Release coatings and nanomaterials

The use of the advanced membrane separation plants for water treatment and wastewater treatment allows achieving high quality water treatment. However, in the process of operation of the units, additional problems associated with membrane fouling such as formation of a layer of sludge on the membrane surface arise. In this paper the authors tried to consider methods of non-reagent control of membrane fouling in membrane separation plants, in particular the use of anti-adhesion coatings and nanomaterials. In recent years, the attention of many researchers has been focused on the use of nanomaterials. For mitigation of membrane fouling, several nanomaterials, which showed the effectiveness of nanotechnology in solving the membrane fouling problem, were considered. Nevertheless, the results of the review show that the use of only one method to control membrane fouling is insufficient; it is necessary to use complementary, already existing approaches. The large-scale application of both fouling reduction methods discussed in the review should be the subject of future studies. Also, the application of two different anti-fouling approaches (active or passive) in addition to the study of new nanomaterials should be the focus of future research. In addition, the issue of overcoming the trade-off between anti-fouling properties and permeability of the membrane surface, as well as studying the stability of the use of anti-fouling techniques that reduce membrane contamination, remains open. © 2023 Author(s)

Analysis of bow-tie antenna properties for brain microwave radiometry

В работе приведены результаты исследования одной из конструкций вибраторных антенн-аппликаторов, применяемых для контактных неинвазивных измерений собственного электромагнитного излучения головного мозга. Исследования проведены с помощью численного моделирования (гибридным методом конечных элементов и методом моментов), реализованного в программном пакете FEKO Suite 7.0. В этой среде была построена модель тканей головы человека и выполнена оптимизация антенны. В качестве критериев оптимизации выбраны: минимальный коэффициент отражения и максимальная напряженность электрического поля на глубине 50 мм. Рассчитаны частотные зависимости коэффициента отражения и мощности, сосредоточенной в различных тканях. Определено распределение плотности мощности в структуре. По полученным результатам сделан вывод, что антенна, оптимизированная по максимальной напряженности поля, обеспечивает прием большей доли мощности с внутренних слоев мозга.In this work, the results of a study on bow-tie antenna for contact noninvasive measurements of self-radiation of a human brain are presented. The investigation was carried out using numerical modeling (hybrid finite elements method and method of moments) by employing FEKO Suite 7.0. In this software the design of human head model was analyzed and the antenna optimization was conducted. The optimization goals are to minimize the reflection coefficient and maximize the electric field at a depth of 50 mm. The frequency dependencies of reflection coefficient and power collected from different tissues were calculated. The power density distribution was defined in the structure. It was found that the antenna, which was optimized in order to maximize electric field strength, provides better reception of energy from deep brain layers

The investigation of the pervasion of an electromagnetic wave through human skin with sucface discontinuity in the form of pore

В данной работе рассмотрены особенности прохождения электромагнитной волны с частотой 2,4 ГГц через кожу человека с неоднородностями в виде пор. Оценена величина напряженности электрического поля под неоднородностью для различных материалов заполнения поры кожи. Определено распределение напряженности электрического поля в сечении модели при прохождении электромагнитной энергии через пору. По полученным результатам сделан вывод, что участки кожи, содержащие неоднородности в виде пор, лучше пропускают электромагнитное излучение на частоте 2,4 ГГц чем участки кожи без неоднородностей.In this paper, the features of the pervasion of electromagnetic waves on a 2.4 GHz frequency in the model of human skin with discontinuity in the form of pore is considered. The electric field distribution under the pore for different materials filling the pore was found. The distribution of the electric field in the cross section of the model with electromagnetic energy passing through the pore was obtained. By the results obtained it was concluded that skin with pores better transmits electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 2.4 GHz than the skin without any discontinuities

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNITY DEPENDING ON METHODS OF OPPORTUNISTIC MICROBIAL INTRODUCTION

Immunophenotypic and morphological peculiarities of immune reactions under intranasal, peroral and subcutaneous introduction of multicomponent vaccine Immunovac VP-4 containing a group of opportunistic bacterial antigens were investigated. The investigated preparation was found to cause marked activation of congenital immunity effectors both in parenteral and mucosal immunization. It is manifested in the expression of differential, costimulatory, adhesive molecules on the surface of mononuclear leukocytes in proliferation of key mucosal immunity effectors (γδТ, В1, NK cells), and changes in structure, cellular composition of immunocompetent organs both regional and distant as to the site of introduction. Currently existing data on effects and mechanisms of vaccine and immunomodulator mucosal introduction allows considering the development of mucosal mono- and associated vaccines as the priority direction in modern vaccinology

MICE SERUM CYTOKINE LEVEL UNDER MUCOSAL IMMUNIZATION WITH OPPORTUNISTIC MICROBIAL ANTIGENS

An important parameter of immunotropic preparation effect is the influence on the production of cytokines that provide the interaction between the effectors of both congenital and adaptive immunity. Cytokine level was determined in the work while using the methods of mucosal immunization with Immunovac-VP-4 and compared with the subcutaneous introduction of this preparation. In case of intranasal and peroral methods of antigen application IL-5, IL-6, and IL-12 expression was found to be elevated, the same was true for IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ under the subcutaneous immunization. Resulting mice cytokine profile confirmed that irrespective of the method of Immunovac introduction, the activation of immune effectors occurred that was manifested in the increase in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels. It was concluded that the introduction of opportunistic microbial antigens initiated the activation of the cascade of immunologic reactions and under the influence of synthesized cytokines the polarization of immune response was involved that was predominantly of Th1 type

INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF FORMING OF LOW-MELTING HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOYS

In this paper, a study was conducted on the probability of the formation of weights from low-melting metals (Al, Zn, Bi, Pb, Sn, In, Ga, Sb). It was revealed that the best candidate of the studied compositions is AlGaZnSnSb of equiatomic composition.Работа выполнена по государственному заданию Институтом металлургии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук

Convergence of a common solution to broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap directed human antibodies

Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization is not well-understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of several glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLD) to the glycan cap, which we name the MLD-anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD-cradle share common features, including the use of IGHV1-69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form beta-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD-anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results collectively provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies

МУЛЬТИСПИРАЛЬНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ТОМОГРАФИЯ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ПАТОЛОГИИ ДУГИ АОРТЫ И АНОМАЛИЙ БРАХИОЦЕФАЛЬНЫХ АРТЕРИЙ У ДЕТЕЙ ПЕРВОГО ГОДА ЖИЗНИ

Aortic malformations often cause critical states in the neonatal period. MSCT method allows you to get a detailed understanding of the anatomy of vice and identify concomitant bronchopulmonary disease. This paper presents a comparative analysis of 27 patients of the first year of life with the pathology of the aortic arch, which were performed echocardiography and MSCT. After analysis of both research methods in 4 patients revealed a discrepancy echocardiography and MSCT data which led to a change in surgical approach. Just according to SITC 2 patients revealed tracheal stenosis, in one case, isolated, in another due to compression of the vascular ring. MSCT is a highly informative method for diagnosing pathology of the aortic arch and associated bronchopulmonary disease in children in the first year of life.Пороки развития аорты зачастую являются причиной критических состояний в неонатальном периоде. Метод МСКТ позволяет получить детальное представление об анатомии порока и выявить сопутствующую бронхолегочную патологию. В работе представлен сравнительный анализ данных 27 пациентов первого года жизни с патологией дуги аорты, которым была выполнена ЭхоКГ и МСКТ. После анализа обоих методов исследования у 4 пациентов выявлено несоответствие данных ЭхоКГ и МСКТ, что привело к изменению хирургической тактики. Также по данным МСТК, у 2 пациентов выявлен стеноз трахеи, в одном случае - изолированный, в другом - за счет сдавления сосудистым кольцом. МСКТ является высокоинформативным методом диагностики патологии дуги аорты и сопутствующей бронхолегочной патологии у детей первого года жизни

The Marburgvirus-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody MR191 Targets a Conserved Site to Block Virus Receptor Binding

Since their first identification 50 years ago, marburgviruses have emerged several times, with 83%–90% lethality in the largest outbreaks. Although no vaccines or therapeutics are available for human use, the human antibody MR191 provides complete protection in non-human primates when delivered several days after inoculation of a lethal marburgvirus dose. The detailed neutralization mechanism of MR191 remains outstanding. Here we present a 3.2 Å crystal structure of MR191 complexed with a trimeric marburgvirus surface glycoprotein (GP). MR191 neutralizes by occupying the conserved receptor-binding site and competing with the host receptor Niemann-Pick C1. The structure illuminates previously disordered regions of GP including the stalk, fusion loop, CX_6CC switch, and an N-terminal region of GP2 that wraps about the outside of GP1 to anchor a marburgvirus-specific “wing” antibody epitope. Virus escape mutations mapped far outside the MR191 receptor-binding site footprint suggest a role for these other regions in the GP quaternary structure