Subgroup analysis of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke according to age and sex.

<p>Subgroup analysis of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke according to age and sex.</p

A schematic illustration of the participant selection process that was used in the present study.

<p>Of 1,125,691 cases with 114,369,638 medical claim codes, 34,572 CRS participants were selected. The participants of previous stroke history were excluded (n = 540). The CRS participants were matched 1:4 with a control group who had not been diagnosed with CRS. Un-matched CRS participants (n = 119) and less than 20 years old participants (n = 10,954) were excluded. Finally, 22,959 CRS participants and 91,836 control participants were included.</p

General characteristics of participants.

<p>General characteristics of participants.</p

Subgroup analysis of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke according to follow up periods.

<p>Subgroup analysis of crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke according to follow up periods.</p

Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke.

<p>Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of chronic sinusitis for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke.</p

Olfactory Dysfunction Is Associated with the Intake of Macronutrients in Korean Adults

<div><p>Background</p><p>Olfactory function can impact food selection. However, few large population-based studies have investigated this effect across different age groups. The objective of this study was to assess the association between subjective olfactory dysfunction (anosmia or hyposmia) and macronutrient intake.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 24,990 participants aged 20 to 98 years were evaluated based on data collected through the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 through 2012. Olfactory dysfunction was surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire, and the nutritional status was assessed through a validated 24-hour recall method. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses with complex sampling were performed to evaluate the relationships between olfactory dysfunction and protein intake (daily protein intake/recommended protein intake [%]), carbohydrate intake (daily carbohydrate intake/total calories [%]), and fat intake (daily fat intake/total calories [%]) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, income, smoking history, alcohol consumption, and stress level.</p><p>Results</p><p>Olfactory dysfunction was reported by 5.4% of Korean adults and was found to be associated with decreased fat consumption (estimated value [EV] of fat intake [%] = -0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.13 to -0.13, P = 0.045). A subgroup analysis according to age and sex revealed that among young females, olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced fat consumption (EV = -2.30, 95% CI = -4.16 to -0.43, P = 0.016) and increased carbohydrate intake (EV = 2.80, 95% CI = 0.55 to 5.05, P = 0.015), and that among middle-aged females, olfactory dysfunction was also associated with reduced fat intake (EV = -1.26, 95% CI = -2.37 to -0.16, P = 0.025). In contrast, among young males, olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced protein intake (EV = -26.41 95% CI = -45.14 to -7.69, P = 0.006).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced fat intake. Moreover, olfactory dysfunction exerted differential effects on eating behavior depending on age and sex.</p></div

Subgroup analysis of estimated values (EVs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of olfactory dysfunction for each nutritional factor based on multiple linear regression analysis with complex sampling (reference = control group) according to age and sex.

<p>Subgroup analysis of estimated values (EVs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of olfactory dysfunction for each nutritional factor based on multiple linear regression analysis with complex sampling (reference = control group) according to age and sex.</p

General characteristics of participants with normal olfactory function and participants with olfactory dysfunction.

<p>General characteristics of participants with normal olfactory function and participants with olfactory dysfunction.</p

Estimated value (EV) of olfactory dysfunction for each nutritional factor based on simple and multiple linear regression analyses with complex sampling (reference = control group).

<p>Estimated value (EV) of olfactory dysfunction for each nutritional factor based on simple and multiple linear regression analyses with complex sampling (reference = control group).</p