Comparison of the cultured fungi identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and direct ITS sequencing.

<p>Comparison of the cultured fungi identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and direct ITS sequencing.</p

The different eukaryotes previously detected by molecular methods in the human gut using universal 18S rDNA or ITS primers.

*<p>Eukaryotes detected in both healthy and patient gut.</p>†<p>Eukaryotes detected only in patient gut.</p

Comparison of our molecular results and those obtained previously for the human stool samples [<b>8]</b>, [12], [14]–[16] using various universal primers.

<p>The universal primers used previously for the analysis of the human gut are indicated by the number of the reference. * indicates primers used for the first time to describe the human eukaryotic microbiota. Green color box = species positive in our sample and negative in the former studies; blue color box = species positive in both our sample and in the former studies; red color box = species negative in our sample and positive in the former studies.</p

DataSheet_1_Dissecting the role of CSF2RB expression in human regulatory T cells.pdf

Colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta (CSF2RB; CD131) is the common subunit of the type I cytokine receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5. Interestingly, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play a pivotal role in prevention of autoimmunity have been demonstrated to highly overexpress CSF2RB and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified CSF2RB as being linked to autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact biological role of CD131 in human Tregs has not been defined yet. Here we investigated CD131 importance on Treg phenotype and function in a broad range of in vitro studies. Although we could not recognize a specific function of CSF2RB; CD131 in human Tregs, our data show that CD131 expression is vastly restricted to Tregs even under stimulatory conditions, indicating that CD131 could aid as a potential marker to identify Treg subpopulations from pools of activated CD4+ T cells. Importantly, our analysis further demonstrate the overexpression of CSF2RB in Tregs of patients with autoimmune diseases like MS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison to healthy controls, thereby indicating that CSF2RB expression in Tregs could serve as a potential novel biomarker for disease.</p

Table_1_Dissecting the role of CSF2RB expression in human regulatory T cells.pdf

Colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta (CSF2RB; CD131) is the common subunit of the type I cytokine receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5. Interestingly, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play a pivotal role in prevention of autoimmunity have been demonstrated to highly overexpress CSF2RB and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified CSF2RB as being linked to autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact biological role of CD131 in human Tregs has not been defined yet. Here we investigated CD131 importance on Treg phenotype and function in a broad range of in vitro studies. Although we could not recognize a specific function of CSF2RB; CD131 in human Tregs, our data show that CD131 expression is vastly restricted to Tregs even under stimulatory conditions, indicating that CD131 could aid as a potential marker to identify Treg subpopulations from pools of activated CD4+ T cells. Importantly, our analysis further demonstrate the overexpression of CSF2RB in Tregs of patients with autoimmune diseases like MS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison to healthy controls, thereby indicating that CSF2RB expression in Tregs could serve as a potential novel biomarker for disease.</p

Comparison of different eukaryotic components extracted in 13 samples from HIV-infected patients using 4 methods of DNA extraction.

<p>Comparison of different eukaryotic components extracted in 13 samples from HIV-infected patients using 4 methods of DNA extraction.</p

Abundance and distribution of the fungal OTUs obtained from the amplification of the ITS2 region in fecal samples of HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects.

<p>Abundance and distribution of the fungal OTUs obtained from the amplification of the ITS2 region in fecal samples of HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects.</p

The distribution of the major eukaryotic MOTUs detected in the fecal samples of HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects using cloning and sequencing methods.

<p>The heatmap shows read counts for the 33 MOTUs identified as contributing most to the variance (up to 86% across all samples) as determined by Similarity Percentage (SIMPER) analysis. The dendrogram shows the clustering of samples based on Bray-Curtis similarity distance.</p

The distribution of the major fungal OTUs obtained from the amplification of the ITS1 region in the fecal samples of HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects.

<p>The heatmap shows read counts for the 15 OTUs identified as contributing most to the variance (up to 86% across all samples) as determined by SIMPER analysis. The dendrogram shows the clustering of samples based on Bray-Curtis similarity distance.</p

The distribution of the major fungal OTUs recovered from the amplification of the ITS2 region in the fecal samples of HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects.

<p>The heatmap shows read counts for the 13 OTUs identified as contributing most to the variance (up to 86% across all samples) as determined by SIMPER analysis. The dendrogram shows the clustering of samples based on Bray-Curtis similarity distance.</p