A precise definition of the Standard Model

We declare that we are living in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time with the force-fields gauge-group structure $SU_c(3) \times SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ built-in from the very beginning. From this overall background, we see the lepton world, which has the symmetry characterized by $SU_L(2) \times U(1) \times SU_f(3)$ - the lepton world is also called "the atomic world". From the overall background, we also see the quark world, which experiences the well-known $(123)$ symmetry, i.e., $SU_c(3) \times SU_L((2) \times U(1)$. The quark world is also called "the nuclear world". The $3^\circ\,K$ cosmic microwave background (CMB) in our Universe provides the evidence of that "the force-fields gauge-group structure was built-in from the very beginning". The CMB is almost uniform, to the level of one part in $10^5$, reflecting the massless of the photons. The lepton world is dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. That is, all couplings are dimensionless. The quark world is also dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time. Apart from the "ignition" term, the gauge and Higgs sector, i.e., the overall background, is also dimensionless. Thus, apart the "ignition" term, our world as a whole is dimensionless in the 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time - that is, it is the characteristic of the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time.Comment: 1 figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1301.646

What happened to the Cosmological QCD Phase Transition?

The scenario that some first-order phase transitions may have taken place in the early Universe offers us one of the most intriguing and fascinating questions in cosmology. Indeed, the role played by the latent "heat" or energy released in the phase transition is highly nontrivial and may lead to some surprising, important results. In this paper, we take the wisdom that the cosmological QCD phase transition, which happened at a time between 10^(-5) sec and 10^(-4) sec or at the temperature of about 150 MeV and accounts for confinement of quarks and gluons to within hadrons, would be of first order. To get the essence out of the scenario, it is sufficient to approximate the true QCD vacuum as one of degenerate theta-vacua and when necessary we try to model it effectively via a complex scalar field with spontaneous symmetry breaking. We examine how and when "pasted" or "patched" domain walls are formed, how long such walls evolve in the long run, and we believe that the significant portion of dark matter could be accounted for in terms of such domain-wall structure and its remnants. Of course, the cosmological QCD phase transition happened in the way such that the false vacua associated with baryons and many other color-singlet objects did not disappear (that is, using the bag-model language, there are bags of radius 1.0 fermi for the baryons) - but the amount of the energy remained in the false vacua is negligible. The latent energy released due to the conversion of the false vacua to the true vacua, in the form of "pasted" or "patched" domain walls in the short run and their numerous evolved objects, should make the concept of the "radiation-dominated" epoch, or of the "matter-dominated" epoch to be re-examined.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figur