Additional file 1 of Imaging markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy differentiate Alzheimer disease subtypes synergistically

Additional file 1:Supplementary Table 1. Subtypes of AD based on patterns of brain atrophy from visual rating scales. Supplementary Table 2.  ROC analysis for CAA-SVD score in differentiating the MA subtype from non-MA subtypes. Supplementary Table 3. Associations of HA-SVD scores with composite cognitive scores between patients with CAA-SVD score ≤ 1 vs. >1 across AD subtypes. Supplementary Figure 1. The heatmap of the correlation matrix across composite cognitive scores using Pearson correlation coefficient

The results of GM, WM and CSF quantification in the high-resolution synthetic MRI (1x1x1mm³) at various parameter settings by using the trio-algorithm hybrid classifier.

<p>The results of GM, WM and CSF quantification in the high-resolution synthetic MRI (1x1x1mm³) at various parameter settings by using the trio-algorithm hybrid classifier.</p

The results of brain classification images from 3D multispectral-multislice MRI.

<p>Left side reveals 3D multispectral MRI of FLAIR, T1WI and T2WI and right side is the classification images. Upper, middle and lower rows show GM, WM and CSF images. (A) A 20 year old young female with 587.2 ml, 433.6 ml and 154.8 ml of GM, WM and CSF, and 49.9%, 36.9% and 13.2% of GM, WM and CSF volume fractions. (B) A 60 year old healthy male with 636.0 ml, 587.3 ml and 326.8 ml of GM, WM and CSF, and 41.0%, 37.9% and 21.1% of GM, WM and CSF volume fractions. (C) A 76 year old dementia patient with 562.3 ml, 454.3 ml and 333.1 ml of GM, WM and CSF, and 41.7%, 33.7% and 24.7% of GM, WM and CSF volume fractions.</p

Flow chart of the hybrid classifier, coupling ICA, SVM and IFLDA for brain MRI classification and segmentation.

<p>First, the pre-processing step included registering FLAIR and T2WI with T1WI and correcting intensity inhomogeneity correction using N3 method. Second, the entire volume data of multislice-multispectral MR image data are automatically sphered to be a new data set by using ICA to remove the first two order statistics. Third, a small set of training data, containing a 3x3 matrix (of 9 pixels) of GM, WM, CSF, and background (BG) was manually identified by operators from a specific image slice of 3D images for SVM classification of the sphered multispectral images. At the same time, all the sphered multispectral images go through skull striping with BET. Finally, the output of SVM serves as a large pool of training samples for initiation of an iterative version of FLDA,</p

The results of GM, WM and CSF quantification in the high-resolution synthetic MRI (1x1x1mm³) at various parameter settings by using SPM8 software.

<p>The results of GM, WM and CSF quantification in the high-resolution synthetic MRI (1x1x1mm³) at various parameter settings by using SPM8 software.</p

Age, CAG repeat number, SARA score, and MRS measurements of study participants.

<p>MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; R-NAA, V-NAA, and L-NAA  = right, vermis, and left hemispheric N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio; R-Cho, V-Cho, and L-Cho  = right, vermis, and left hemispheric choline/creatine ratio; SARA, scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia.</p><p>Data are presented as mean ± SD of participants and compared by one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni adjustment approach.</p>*<p>P<0.05; significant difference among control, SCA1, SCA3, and SCA6.</p>††<p>P<0.01, ^†††P<0.001; significant difference compared to control.</p

Association of age of onset and CAG repeat number with the ratio of age of onset to onset NAA value.

<p>R-NAA and V-NAA  = right and vermis hemispheric N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio; SARA, scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia.</p><p>Results are shown as standardized regression coefficients via regression analysis with or without adjusted SARA score. Greater absolute value of standardized regression coefficients indicates greater association between dependent variable and predictor.</p>*<p>P<0.05; ^**P<0.01; ^***P<0.001; significance of standardized regression coefficients.</p

Representative cerebellar proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectra.

<p>(A) (Upper left) plane of the left hemisphere in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper middle) plane of the left hemisphere in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper right) plane of the vermis in a normal subject at which the MRS signal was acquired; (lower panels) corresponding MR spectra with green arrow (creatine [Cr]), red arrow (N-acetyl aspartate [NAA]), blue arrow (choline [Cho]), and yellow arrow (myoinositol [MI]). (B) (upper left) plane of the left hemisphere in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper middle) plane of the left hemisphere in a patient with SCA at which the MRS signal was acquired; (upper right) plane of the vermis in a patient with SCA at which the MRS signal was acquired; (lower panels) corresponding MR spectra with green arrow (Cr), red arrow (NAA), blue arrow (Cho), and yellow arrow (MI).</p

Changes in N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio (NAA) with age and CAG repeat number.

<p>Changes in NAA ratio with age were related to the number of CAG repeats in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) (A) or SCA3 (C). In A and C, the onset vermis NAA value (V-NAA) was calculated based on the correlation of the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) score and V-NAA and was used to retrospectively predict the age of onset of for CAG repeat group. The predicted age of onset and the average reported age of onset are plotted in B (SCA2) and D (SCA3). The error bars denote the standard deviation of reported ages.</p

Demographic features of the subjects.

#<p>Kruskal-Wallis test, <i>p</i><0.05.</p>§<p>Patients with SCA2 or SCA3 had a longer disease duration than those with SCA17, <i>p</i><0.05.</p>§§<p>Patients with SCA3 had a longer disease duration than those with MSA-C.</p>*<p>Patients with SCA2 or SCA3 were younger than those with SCA6.</p>**<p>Patients with SCA were younger than those with MSA-C.</p