The Untold Story of Welfare Fraud

The experiences of women who have been charged with welfare fraud in the years following the passage of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act cast a shadow over the claim that welfare reform has been an unequivocal success. This article addresses this under-explored issue by considering the face of welfare fraud in San Diego, California after the change to federal welfare law. After a brief discussion of the socio-historical context of welfare fraud prosecution and a summary of the scholarly findings related to welfare fraud post-PRWORA, the aiticle details a new poverty knowledge about welfare fraud drawn from the experiences of women. This is followed by a discussion of how this knowledge has been used to help inspire the creation of a welfare fraud diversion program that serves as an alternative to felony prosecution for first-time, low-level welfare fraud defendants in San Diego County

Supplement 15, Parasite-Subject Catalogue, Parasites: Nematoda And Acanthocephala

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Division, Agriculture Research Servic

Convective initiation and storm life‐cycles in convection‐permitting simulations of the Met Office Unified Model over South Africa

Convective initiation is a challenge for convection‐permitting models due to its sensitivity to sub‐km processes. We evaluate the representation of convective storms and their initiation over South Africa during four summer months in Met Office Unified Model simulations at 1.5‐km horizontal grid length. Storm size distributions from the model compare well against radar observations, but rainfall in the model is predominantly produced by large storms (50 km in diameter or larger) in the evening, whereas radar observations show most rainfall occurs throughout the afternoon, from storms 10‐50 km in diameter. In all months, modelled maximum number of storm initiations occurs at least 2 hours prior to the radar‐observed maximum. However, the diurnal cycle of rainfall compares well between model and observations, suggesting the numerous storm initiations in the simulations do not produce much rainfall. Modelled storms are generally less intense than in the radar observations, especially in early summer. In February, when tropical influences dominate, the simulated storms are of similar intensity to observed storms. Simulated storms tend to reach their peak intensity in the first 15 minutes after initiation, then gradually become less intense as they grow. In radar observations, storms reach their peak intensity 15‐30 minutes into their life cycle, stay intense as they grow larger, then gradually weaken after they have reached their maximum diameter. Two November case studies of severe convection are analysed in detail. Higher resolution grid length initiates convection slightly earlier (300 m cf. 1.5 km) with the same science settings. Two 1.5‐km simulations that apply more sub‐grid mixing have delayed convective initiation. Analysis of soundings indicates little difference in convective indices, suggesting that differences in convection may be attributed to choices in sub‐grid mixing parameters

Supplement 15, Parasite-Subject Catalogue, Parasites: Protozoa

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Service, Agricultural Research Servic

Supplement 15, Authors: A To Z

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Servic

Supplement 15, Parasite-Subject Catalogue, Subject Headings, Treatment

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Servic

Supplement 15, Parasite-Subject Catalogue: Hosts

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Beltsville Parasitological Laboratory, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Servic

Supplement 15, Parasite-Subject Catalogue, Parasites: Arthropoda, Mesozoa, Coelenterata, Mollusca, And Annelida

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Beltsville Parasitological Laboratory, Animal Disease And Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Servic

Control of PTH secretion by the TRPC1 ion channel

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH) is a genetic condition associated with hypocalciuria, hypercalcemia and in some cases inappropriately high levels of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH). FHH is associated with inactivating mutations in CaSR encoding the Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaSR), a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and GNA11 encoding G protein subunit alpha 11 (Gα11), implicating defective GPCR signaling as the root pathophysiology for FHH. However, the downstream mechanism by which CaSR activation inhibits PTH production/secretion is incompletely understood. Here, we show that mice lacking the transient receptor potential canonical channel 1 (TRPC1) develop chronic hypercalcemia, hypocalciuria, and elevated PTH levels mimicking human FHH. Ex vivo and in vitro studies reveal that TRPC1 serves a necessary and sufficient mediator to suppress PTH secretion from parathyroid glands (PTG) downstream of CaSR in response to high extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Gα11 physically interacts with both the N- and C-termini of TRPC1 and enhances CaSR-induced TRPC1 activity in transfected cells. These data identify TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ signaling as an essential component of the cellular apparatus controlling PTH secretion in the PTG downstream of CaSR

Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians

Description: The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on the management of gout. Methods: Using the ACP grading system, the committee based these recommendations on a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials; systematic reviews; and large observational studies published between January 2010 and March 2016. Clinical outcomes evaluated included pain, joint swelling and tenderness, activities of daily living, patient global assessment, recurrence, intermediate outcomes of serum urate levels, and harms. Target Audience and Patient Population: The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians, and the target patient population includes adults with acute or recurrent gout. Recommendation 1: ACP recommends that clinicians choose corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or colchicine to treat patients with acute gout. (Grade: strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). Recommendation 2: ACP recommends that clinicians use low-dose colchicine when using colchicine to treat acute gout. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Recommendation 3: ACP recommends against initiating long-term urate-lowering therapy in most patients after a first gout attack or in patients with infrequent attacks. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Recommendation 4: ACP recommends that clinicians discuss benefits, harms, costs, and individual preferences with patients before initiating urate-lowering therapy, including concomitant prophylaxis, in patients with recurrent gout attacks. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)