57 research outputs found
Prevalence of TB/HIV Co-Infection in Countries Except China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
<div><p>Background</p><p>TB and HIV co-epidemic is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. But the prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was diversified among countries. Exploring the reasons of the diversity of TB/HIV co-infection is important for public policy, planning and development of collaborative TB/HIV activities. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of TB and HIV co-infection worldwide, using meta-analysis based on systematic review of published articles.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies of the prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection. We also searched bibliographic indices, scanned reference lists, and corresponded with authors. We summarized the estimates using meta-analysis and explored potential sources of heterogeneity in the estimates by metaregression analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 47 eligible studies with a total population of 272,466. Estimates of TB/HIV co-infection prevalence ranged from 2.93% to 72.34%; the random effects pooled prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was 23.51% (95% CI 20.91–26.11). We noted substantial heterogeneity (Cochran’s <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> = 10945.31, p<0.0001; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 99.58%, 95% CI 99.55–99.61). Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was 31.25%(95%CI 19.30–43.17) in African countries, 17.21%(95%CI 9.97–24.46) in Asian countries, 20.11%(95%CI 13.82–26.39) in European countries, 25.06%(95%CI 19.28–30.84) in Latin America countries and 14.84%(95%CI 10.44–19.24) in the USA. Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was higher in studies in which TB diagnosed by chest radiography and HIV diagnosis based on blood analyses than in those which used other diagnostic methods, and in countries with higher prevalence HIV in the general population than in countries with lower general prevalence.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our analyses suggest that it is necessary to attach importance to HIV/TB co-infection, especially screening of TB/HIV co-infection using methods with high sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in the countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence in the general population.</p></div
Visible-Light Photoredox Synthesis of Chiral α‑Selenoamino Acids
<i>N</i>-Acetoxyphthalimide derivatives of two genetically
coded proteinogenic amino acids, l-aspartic acid and glutamic
acid, were used as visible light photoredox chiral sources and radical
precursors, diorganyl diselenides were used as the radical acceptors,
and the diverse chiral α-selenoamino acid derivatives were prepared
in good yields at room temperature. Furthermore, decarboxylative coupling
of <i>N</i>-protected dipeptide active ester with diphenyl
diselenide provided the corresponding selenodipeptide. The simple
protocol, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and chiral keeping
of this method make it an important strategy for the synthesis of
chiral molecules
Thiophenol-Catalyzed Visible-Light Photoredox Decarboxylative Couplings of <i>N</i>‑(Acetoxy)Âphthalimides
We have developed
visible-light photoredox decarboxylative couplings
of <i>N</i>-(acetoxy)Âphthalimides without an added
photocatalyst in which simple and commercially available thiophenols
are used as the effective organocatalysts, and 4-(trifluoromethyl)Âthiophenol
shows optimal catalytic activity. Three representative decarboxylative
examples were chosen including one amination and two C–C bond
couplings to confirm efficacy of the visible-light photoredox reactions,
and the results exhibited that they performed very well at room temperature.
The interesting discovery should provide a novel and environmentally
friendly strategy for visible-light photoredox transformation of organic
molecules
Results of perceived neighborhood walkable environmental measures.
<p>*Significant at <i>P</i><0.05.</p
K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chromones and 4-Quinolones through the Cleavage of Aromatic C–O Bonds
Phenol-derived electrophiles are favorable substrates because phenols are naturally abundant or can be readily prepared from other aromatic compounds. However, the cleavage of aromatic C–O bonds is a great challenge because of their high energy. K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of 1-(2-alkoxyphenyl)-3-akylpropane-1,3-dione and 3-(alkylimino)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one derivatives via the selective cleavage of aromatic C–O bonds is reported. The corresponding chromone and 4-quinolone derivatives were obtained in reasonable yields
Additional file 2: of Integrating heterogeneous genomic data to accurately identify disease subtypes
Heatmaps of patient similarity for kidney cancer. The similarity scores were measured by the Pearson correlation coefficients based on single data types (DNA methylation, mRNA expression and miRNA expression) and the integrated scores (integrated by direct concatenation, SNF and iBFE). (DOCX 875 kb
Additional file 1: of Integrating heterogeneous genomic data to accurately identify disease subtypes
Heatmaps of patient similarity for lung cancer. The similarity scores were measured by the Pearson correlation coefficients based on single data types (DNA methylation, mRNA expression and miRNA expression) and the integrated scores (integrated by direct concatenation, SNF and iBFE). (DOCX 802 kb
Physical activity level of participants.
<p>*Significant at <i>P</i><0.05,</p><p>**Significant at <i>P</i><0.01.</p
Visible-Light Photoredox Borylation of Aryl Halides and Subsequent Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation
Efficient and practical
visible-light photoredox borylation of
aryl halides and subsequent aerobic oxidative hydroxylation were developed.
The protocols use readily available aryl halides and bisÂ(pinacolato)Âdiboron
as the starting materials, <i>fac-</i>IrÂ(ppy)<sub>3</sub> as the photocatalyst, and corresponding arylboronic esters and phenols
were obtained in good yields. The methods show some advantages including
simple equipment, mild conditions, easy operation, and wide substrate
scope. Therefore, they should provide a valuable strategy for chemical
transformations
Odds ratios for active walkers (all respondents, males, females, and working and retired individuals).
<p>Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p><p>For all the respondents, odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, gender, location of the community, physical activity knowledge score, employment status, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For male and female respondents, odds ratios were calculated after adjusting for age, location of community, physical activity knowledge score, employment status, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For working and retired individuals, odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for age, gender location of community, physical activity knowledge score, BMI, marital status, education, and hypertension.</p><p>For the respective categories, an active walker was defined as a respondent who reported walking for recreation or transportation >90 min/week.</p
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