Multiple Regressions of Habitual Sleep Behaviors and PCA-Derived Personality Components.

<p>Multiple Regressions of Habitual Sleep Behaviors and PCA-Derived Personality Components.</p

Correlations between Sleep Quality Domains (PSQI) and Personality.

<p><i>Note</i>. Con = Conscientiousness; Neur = Neuroticism; Agree = Agreeableness; Extra = Extraversion; Open = Openness.</p

Descriptive Statistics: Demographics and Personality.

<p>Descriptive Statistics: Demographics and Personality.</p

A hypothetical model of associations between conscientiousness, neuroticism, habitual sleep behaviors, and subjective sleep experience.

<p><i>Note</i>. Additional factors may be involved. Associations likely co-occur over time.</p

Correlations Between Big Five Personality Traits.

<p>Correlations Between Big Five Personality Traits.</p

Bivariate Correlations Between Sleep, Personality, and Demographics.

<p><i>Note</i>. Con = Conscientiousness; Neur = Neuroticism; Agree = Agreeableness; Extra = Extraversion; Open = Openness; SES = Subjective Socioeconomic Status.</p

Multiple Regressions of Subjective Sleep Experience and PCA-Derived Personality Components.

<p>Multiple Regressions of Subjective Sleep Experience and PCA-Derived Personality Components.</p

Descriptive Statistics: Sleep Variables.

<p>Descriptive Statistics: Sleep Variables.</p

Distribution of Sleep Characteristics.

<p>Distribution of Sleep Characteristics.</p

Resource use and costs in high-risk symptomatic peripheral artery disease patients with diabetes and prior acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective analysis

<p><b>Objectives</b>: As the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) increases there is growing concern about the associated healthcare burden. This burden has not been well-characterized in high-risk patients with concurrent diabetes and/or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The objective of this analysis was to assess comorbidities, medication use, outcomes, services and costs for 3 high-risk symptomatic PAD groups.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: This retrospective longitudinal analysis used the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (2005-2013). The 3 high-risk symptomatic PAD groups were (1) symptomatic PAD with/without diabetes, (2) symptomatic PAD with/without prior ACS, and (3) symptomatic PAD with/without diabetes and prior ACS. The study time frame was a period of 1-year before the earliest date of a symptomatic PAD record and 3 years post.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: In all, 16,663 symptomatic PAD patients were identified across the three risk groups. Mean age ranged from 66.4-67.4 years; the majority (55.0%-63.3%) were men. At 3 years post index, patients with symptomatic PAD and a risk factor had significantly higher use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and statins (<i>P</i><0.0007), and higher rates of all-cause and symptomatic PAD-related medical services, diagnoses and procedures (<i>P</i><0.05). Clopidogrel and statins were used by ≤41.2% and ≤66.7% of symptomatic PAD patients without risk, respectively, and ≤68.9% and ≤80.2% of patients with risks. All cause and symptomatic PAD-related treatment costs (<i>P</i><0.0001) were higher for symptomatic PAD patients with risks versus patients without risks where annualized all-cause cost differences ranged from $7,482 to$13,504 and annualized PAD-related cost differences ranged from $605 to$1,997.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b>: Symptomatic PAD patients with diabetes and/or prior ACS have significantly higher medical resource use and costs compared to symptomatic PAD patients without these risk factors. The utilization rate of secondary prevention therapies is suboptimal; therefore, greater effort must be made to increase utilization and optimize treatment to minimize the impact of symptomatic PAD.</p