Assimilation efficiency (AE) of <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i>.

<p>Bars represent standard deviations of the means.</p

Mean fecal production rates (FPR; g·ind.

<p>^−<b>1</b><b> d</b>^−<b>1</b><b>) of </b><b><i>Apostichopus japonicus</i></b><b> during the experimental period.</b> Means (n = 4) with different letters denoting significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05), and bars representing standard deviations of the means.</p

The flow chart for procedure of Experiment 1.

<p>The flow chart for procedure of Experiment 1.</p

Specific growth rates (SGR; %·d⁻¹) of <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i>.

<p>Means (n = 4) with different letters denoting significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05), and bars representing standard deviations of the means.</p

Variation in Fecal production rates (FPR; g·ind.

<p> ^−<b>1</b><b> d</b>^−<b>1</b><b>) of </b><b><i>Apostichopus japonicus</i></b><b> during the experimental period.</b></p

Schematic diagram of individual experimental biotanks.

<p>Each biotank measured 75×50×50 cm in size. A, Flowmeter; B, Control valve; C, Lantern net deployed in a biotank for bivalve culture.</p

Initial and final wet weight (g·ind.⁻¹) of <i>A. japonicus</i> for five diet treatments.

<p>Note: values with different letters in the same row were significantly different from each other (n = 4, <i>p</i><0.05).</p

Biological filter-removing rates of suspended particles in aquaculture wastewater by experimental bivalves.

<p>Sedimentation rates (mg•d⁻¹): the sedimentation rate of suspended solids in the FT system; Ratios of sedimentation rates: ratios of the sedimentation rate of suspended solids in a bivalve treatment to that in the control (without bivalves); Percentage of TSS reduced (%): percentage of TSS reduced in the outflow water in oyster or mussel treatment, compared with control treatment without bivalves. Values are given as means±SD. Values with different superscripted letters in the same column are significantly different from each other (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p>Biological filter-removing rates of suspended particles in aquaculture wastewater by experimental bivalves.</p

Comparisons in chemical compositions of sediments between bivalve (oyster or mussel) treatment and the control (without bivalves) in the FT experiments.

<p>Values are given as means±SD. OM, organic matter; OC, organic carbon; ON, organic nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; OP, organic phosphorus. Values with different superscripted letters in the same column are significantly different from each other (P<0.05).</p><p>Comparisons in chemical compositions of sediments between bivalve (oyster or mussel) treatment and the control (without bivalves) in the FT experiments.</p

Comparisons in C, N, and P in the deposited sediments between a bivalve (oyster or mussel) treatment and the control (without bivalves).

<p>OC, organic carbon; ON, organic nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; OP, organic phosphorus. *, significant difference between control and bivalve treatment (<i>P</i><0.05); **, <i>P</i><0.01. Values are means ± SD.</p