Oleiferoside W from the roots of <i>Camellia oleifera</i> C. Abel, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells

<p><i>Camellia oleifera</i> C<i>.</i> Abel has been widely cultivated in China, and a group of bioactive constituents such as triterpeniod saponin have been isolated from <i>C. oleifera</i> C. Abel<i>.</i> In the current study, a new triterpeniod saponin was isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of <i>C. oleifera</i> C. Abel, named as oleiferoside W, and the cytotoxic properties of oleiferoside W were evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. At the same time the inducing apoptosis, the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), the up-regulation of related pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase-3, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2/Bax were measured on oleiferoside W. Furthermore, the function, inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, of oleiferoside W could be reversed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In conclusion, our findings showed that oleiferoside W induced apoptosis involving mitochondrial pathway and increasing intracellular ROS production in the A549 cells, suggesting that oleiferoside W may have the possibility to be a useful anticancer agent for therapy in lung cancer.</p

Spearman correlation coefficient (95% confidence intervals) between the monthly incidence of malaria and climate variables in Anhui Province, 1990–2009.

<p>Lx: the lagged months. MaxT: average maximum temperature; T: average temperature; MinT: average minimum temperature; RH: relative humidity; MEI: multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation index.</p

Validations of polynomial distributed lag models of malaria incidence in three regions, Anhui Province, China.

<p>The data from January 1990 to December 2007 were used to construct the models, and the data from January 2008 to December 2009 were used for the validation of the models. (A) In northern Anhui Province; (B) In mid Anhui Province; (C) In southern Anhui Province.</p

Lag distribution coefficients of the monthly rainfall (100 mm) with malaria incidence in the three regions of Anhui Province, China during 1990–2009.

**<p>p<0.01.</p>*<p>p<0.05.</p

Polynomial distributed lag time-series regression coefficients of the monthly rainfall associated with malaria incidence in mid and southern Anhui Province, 1990–2009^a.

a<p>Adjusting for auto-correlation; no significant association was found with temperature, humidity and MEI (p>0.10).</p>**<p>p<0.01.</p>*<p>p<0.05.</p