Interdisciplinary project-led education: The coaching role of the tutor

Professionals are increasingly expected to collaborate in interdisciplinary settings. Higher education institutes offer students opportunities to develop necessary skills, often in the context of project-led education. In such types of education, the role of the tutor is changing, from a focus on teacher-oriented teaching towards learner-oriented coaching, facilitating students’ knowledge construction. Hardly any research focuses on how teachers apply this new didactical approach and how it impacts student learning.  In our research, we study how tutors in interdisciplinary engineering education take on the coaching role; how tutors and students value this coaching behavior as beneficial for student learning; and what support (new) tutors need to develop the coaching role

Other Nematode Effectors and Evolutionary Constraints

International audienceLike microbial pathogens, nematodes secrete a repertoire of effectors with diverse functions. In the case of sedentary nematodes, completion of the life cycle requires the maintenance of the biotrophic interaction for several weeks and the induction of a permanent feeding site. These essential processes require fine tuning of plant cell responses. About a hundred candidate effectors have been isolated from nematodes to date that have roles in the invasion of host tissues, evasion of plant defences, suppression of plant defences or manipulation of plant cell fate. Evolutionary studies suggest that several distinct mechanisms have led to the acquisition of these effectors during the evolution of plant parasitism. In addition, since any compound secreted by the parasite can potentially be perceived as nonself by the plant, nematode effectors are subject to selective pressure to escape plant immunity. This chapter reviews the latest findings on nematode effector functions and evolutionary traits