UNEQUAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL VIETNAM: SPATIAL DISPARITIES AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

In Vietnam, the poor have long been assumed to be the ethnic minorities mostly living in the highlands. After more than two decades of introducing Doi moi policy into the economy, along with having enjoyed various improvements in social and economic aspects, the disparities between the majority and ethnic majorities, the lowlands and the highlands, and between regions, still have been widened. This paper aims at examining income inequality, its affecting factors in rural areas, and exploring the current situation of regional economic disparities using both development policy review and econometrics approaches. Data from Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) 2008 was used in the study. The expenditure per capita was employed as the dependent variable to regress with household characteristics and resources. In addition, the regional dummy variables were employed to show the different effects from different geographic locations. The results showed that the household characteristics and resources such as education level, perennial land area, water surface area, and the accessibility to infrastructure facilities such as road, electricity and local market had positive effect on expenditure. Furthermore, the North Central Coast region showed negative impact on household expenditure. Interestingly, this finding does not absolutely follow the hypothesis and indicates that the economic development strategy and polices should be adjusted to decrease the gap among regions based on their economic advantages for balancing the economic situation of the whole country in the futureInequality, Disparity, Regional Development, Rural Development, Vietnam

Unequal Regional Development in Rural Vietnam: Sources of Spatial Disparities and Policy Considerations

In Vietnam, the poor have long been assumed to be the ethnic minorities mostly living in the highlands. After more than two decades of introducing Doi moi1 policy into the economy, along with having enjoyed various improvements in social and economic aspects, the disparities between the majority and ethnic majorities, the lowlands and the highlands, and between regions, still have been widened. This paper aims at examining sources of spatial disparities in rural areas, and exploring the current situation of regional economic development using both development policy review and econometrics approaches. Data from Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) 2008 was used in the study. The expenditure per capita was employed as the dependent variable to regress with household characteristics and resources in order to obtain the effecting factors. In addition, the regional dummy variables were employed to show the effects from different geographic locations. The results showed that the household characteristics and resources such as education level, perennial land area, water surface area, and the accessibility to infrastructure facilities such as road, electricity and local market had positive effect on the expenditure. Furthermore, the North Central Coastal region showed negative impact on household expenditure. Interestingly, this finding does not absolutely follow the hypothesis and indicates that the economic development strategy and polices should be adjusted to decrease the gap among regions based on their economic advantages for balancing the economic situation of the whole country in the future

Electroweak phase transition in the economical 3-3-1 model

We consider the EWPT in the economical 3-3-1 (E331) model. Our analysis shows that the EWPT in the model is a sequence of two first-order phase transitions, $SU(3) \rightarrow SU(2)$ at the TeV scale and $SU(2) \rightarrow U(1)$ at the $100$ GeV scale. The EWPT $SU(3) \rightarrow SU(2)$ is triggered by the new bosons and the exotic quarks; its strength is about $1 - 13$ if the mass ranges of these new particles are $10^2 \,\mathrm{GeV} - 10^3 \,\mathrm{GeV}$. The EWPT $SU(2) \rightarrow U(1)$ is strengthened by only the new bosons; its strength is about $1 - 1.15$ if the mass parts of $H^0_1$, $H^\pm_2$ and $Y^\pm$ are in the ranges $10 \,\mathrm{GeV} - 10^2 \,\mathrm{GeV}$. The contributions of $H^0_1$ and $H^{\pm}_2$ to the strengths of both EWPTs may make them sufficiently strong to provide large deviations from thermal equilibrium and B violation necessary for baryogenesis.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Impact of Environmental Factors on the Profit Efficiency of Rice Production: A Study in Vietnams Red River Delta

Environmental factors affect agriculture production productivity and efficiency in which result in a change of profit efficiency This paper seeks to estimate the impacts of environmental factors on the profitability of rice farmers in the Red River Delta of Vietnam The dataset was compiled from personal interviews in 349 farmers Both OLS and MLE translog profit functions were used in this study Five production inputs and four environmental factors were included in those functions The estimation of the stochastic profit frontier with a two-stage approach was used to measure profitability The results showed that the profit efficiency was about 75 on average and various environmental factors influence profit efficiency significantly as well as beside farm specific characteristics Plant disease soil fertility irrigation and water pollution were the four environmental factors that caused profit loss in rice production The results of the study indicated that farmers should reduce household size and the quantity of farm plots apply a row seeding technique and improve environmental factors to obtain high profit efficiency Special consideration should be given to irrigation infrastructure and water quality improvemen