Difference in postprandial fat oxidation between the two conditions at each meal.

<p>The difference in postprandial fat oxidation at each meal was calculated by subtracting fat oxidation over 4 h after the meal rich in palm oil from that of the meal rich in rapeseed oil. Mean values of the difference in postprandial fat oxidation after breakfast, lunch and dinner are shown in the bar graph. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. *P < 0.05 vs. breakfast.</p

Diurnal variations of heart rate and autonomic nervous system activity.

<p>Mean values of 10 subjects were plotted at 30-min intervals for the meal rich in rapeseed oil shown with red line and palm oil shown with blue line. Mean values after breakfast (8:00–12:00 hours), lunch (12:30–16:30 hours) and dinner (19:00–23:00 hours) are also shown. Statistical analyses were performed on averages over 4 h after each meal by repeated-measures two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. Columns connected by line are statistically different (*P < 0.05).</p

Diurnal variations of energy metabolism.

<p>Mean values of 10 subjects were plotted at 30-min intervals for the meals rich in rapeseed oil shown with red line and palm oil shown with blue line. Mean values after breakfast (8:00–12:00 hours), lunch (12:30–16:30 hours) and dinner (19:00–23:00 hours) are also shown. Values in the figure show accumulated energy expenditure and substrate oxidation over 4 h after breakfast, lunch and dinner. Statistical analyses were performed on data at each meal using repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests. *P < 0.05 vs. palm oil. †P < 0.05 vs. breakfast within trial.</p

Energy balance, energy metabolism and autonomic nervous system activity in male subjects during 24-h of calorimetry (n = 10)^a.

<p>Energy balance, energy metabolism and autonomic nervous system activity in male subjects during 24-h of calorimetry (n = 10)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198858#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Energy metabolism during exercise.

<p>Energy metabolism during exercise.</p

Exercise before breakfast increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects - Fig 1

<p>Time course of energy expenditure (a), carbohydrate oxidation (b) and fat oxidation (c) for sedentary (red) and exercise trials (blue). Mean ± SE values plotted at 1-h intervals except for 6:00–6:30 and 7:30–8:00; 6:00–6:30. Significant differences between exercise and sedentary trials: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.</p

Energy metabolism during 24 h.

<p>Energy metabolism during 24 h.</p