FOXA1 Promotes Tumor Progression in Prostate Cancer via the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Pathway

<div><p>Fork-head box protein A1 (FOXA1) is a “pioneer factor” that is known to bind to the androgen receptor (AR) and regulate the transcription of AR-specific genes. However, the precise role of FOXA1 in prostate cancer (PC) remains unknown. In this study, we report that FOXA1 plays a critical role in PC cell proliferation. The expression of FOXA1 was higher in PC than in normal prostate tissues (P = 0.0002), and, using immunohistochemical analysis, we found that FOXA1 was localized in the nucleus. FOXA1 expression levels were significantly correlated with both PSA and Gleason scores (P = 0.016 and P = 0.031, respectively). Moreover, FOXA1 up-regulation was a significant factor in PSA failure (P = 0.011). Depletion of FOXA1 in a prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibited AR activity, led to cell-growth suppression, and induced G0/G1 arrest. The anti-proliferative effect of FOXA1 siRNA was mediated through insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). An increase in IGFBP-3, mediated by depletion of FOXA1, inhibited phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt, and increased expression of the cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. We also found that the anti-proliferative effect of FOXA1 depletion was significantly reversed by simultaneous siRNA depletion of IGFBP-3. These findings provide direct physiological and molecular evidence for a role of FOXA1 in controlling cell proliferation through the regulation of IGFBP-3 expression in PC.</p> </div

FOXA1 regulates PC cell proliferation in IGFBP-3 dependent manner.

<p>(A) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with one of three different FOXA1 siRNAs (#1–#3), and were then reseeded into a 24-well culture plate. Cell proliferation was then assayed over 4 days by counting the number of cells for each transfection condition, as indicated. (B) The cell-cycle stage of the cells was analyzed using propidium iodide staining and FACS analysis 24 h after siRNA transfection and the percentage of cells in each transfected population that was in each cycle phase was calculated. (C) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with one of three different FOXA1 siRNAs (siFOXA1#1–3). After 48 h of transfection IGFBP-3 mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression is expressed relative to GAPDH mRNA expression in the same cell. (D) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with one of three different FOXA1 siRNAs (siFOXA1#1–3). After 72 h of transfection, IGFBP-3 concentration of the media was analyzed by ELISAs. (E) Proteins were extracted 72 h after transfection and the expression of IGFBP3, of the insulin-receptor signaling related proteins (total amount of MAPK, phospho-MAPK, total amount of Akt and phospho-Akt), of G0/G1 arrest-related cell cycle regulatory proteins (p21cip1, p27kip1) and of GAPDH was examined by western blot analysis. Protein molecular weights are indicated at right sides of the panel. These results are the means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. **indicates a statistical difference of P<0.01.</p

Regulation of IGFBP-3 expression and AR activity through FOXA1.

<p>(A) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with an IGFBP-3 siRNA (siIGFBP-3) and, 48 h later, IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein levels were analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression is expressed relative to GAPDH mRNA expression in the same cell. (B) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with one of three FOXA1 siRNAs (siFOXA1#1–#3) and/or an IGFBP-3 siRNA (siIGFBP-3), and were reseeded into a 24-well culture plate. Cell proliferation was measured over 4 days and the number of cells for each transfected population is indicated. (C, D) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with an AR siRNA (si AR) and/or a FOXA1 siRNA (si FOXA1#1) and, 48 h after transfection, AR mRNA and protein (C) or IGFBP-3 mRNA levels (D) were analyzed using qRT-PCR and/or western blot analysis. The mRNA levels are expressed relative to GAPDH mRNA expression in the same cell. The results shown are the means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. ** indicate statistical difference of P<0.01.</p

Correlation between FOXA1 and clinical factors.

*<p>P<0.05; **P<0.01. FOXA1(+), FOXA1-positive case; FOXA1(−), FOXA1-negative case.</p

Functional Annotation Chart of 421 genes that were upregulated in FOXA1-depleted cells.

<p>Functional Annotation Chart of 421 genes that were upregulated in FOXA1-depleted cells.</p

FOXA1 regulates AR activity in LNCaP cells.

<p>(A) The mRNA expression and the protein expression of FOXA1 in four PC-derived cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, LNCaP, C4-2) and in non-tumorigenic prostate cell line (RWPE-1) were analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. (B) LNCaP cells were transfected with a negative control siRNA (nega) or with one of three different FOXA1 siRNAs (siFOXA1#1–3). After 48 h transfection, RNA was extracted and FOXA1 mRNA was analyzed using qRT-PCR analysis. FOXA1 mRNA expression is expressed relative to GAPDH mRNA expression in the same cell. The results shown are the means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. Proteins were extracted 72 h after transfection and FOXA1 and GAPDH protein expression was examined by Western blot analyses. (C, D) LNCaP cells were transfected with the pGL3-PSAp 5.8 luciferase reporter plasmid and with one of three different FOXA1 siRNAs. (#1–3) and were then grown in Phenol red–free RPMI-1640 medium containing 5% CS-FBS. (C) After 72 h transfection, luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Luciferase activities are expressed relative to the control, which was assigned a value of 1. Proteins were extracted 72 h after transfection and the expression of AR and GAPDH was examined by western blot analysis. (D) The transfected cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of dihydrotestosterone for 72 h, and luciferase activities were measured as in (C). (E, F) Non-transfected LNCaP cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (E) or bicalutamide (F) for 48 h and FOXA1 mRNA expression was then analyzed using qRT-PCR. FOXA1 mRNA expression is expressed relative to GAPDH mRNA expression in the same cell. Values shown are the means ± SD from at least 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. * and ** indicate statistical difference of P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.</p

FOXA1 and AR expression in prostate cancer specimens.

*<p>P<0.05.</p

Genes involved in negative regulation of cell proliferation that were up-regulated in FOXA1-depleted cells.

<p>Genes involved in negative regulation of cell proliferation that were up-regulated in FOXA1-depleted cells.</p

Additional file 2: Table S1. of A combination of TERT promoter mutation and MGMT methylation status predicts clinically relevant subgroups of newly diagnosed glioblastomas

Molecular and clinical characteristics of Cohort 1 (n = 758). Table S2. Molecular and clinical characteristics of GBM cohort (n = 453). Table S3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group A (IDH mutated-TERT mutated) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 155). Table S4. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group B (IDH mutated-TERT wild-type) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 131). Table S5. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group C (IDH wild-type-TERT wild-type) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 237). Table S6. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group D (IDH wild-type-TERT mutated) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 235). Table S7. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for GBM in Cohort 1 (n = 260). Table S8. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for GBM in Cohort 2 (n = 193). Table S9. Background of combined GBM cohort stratified by TERT and MGMT status (n = 453). Table S10. Survival time and WHO grade in each molecular subgroup of Cohort 1 (n = 758). (XLSX 254 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of A combination of TERT promoter mutation and MGMT methylation status predicts clinically relevant subgroups of newly diagnosed glioblastomas

Distributions of molecular alterations according to histology in Cohort 1. Figure S2. Kaplan-Meier analysis for Group A cases stratified by 1p/19q status. Figure S3. Kaplan-Meier analyses for GBM cases in Cohorts 1 and 2. (PPTX 172 kb