Deprived Neighbourhoods in Transition: Divergent Pathways of Change in the Greater Manchester City-region

Many studies of neighbourhood change adopt a ‘bookend’ mode of analysis in which a baseline year is identified for a chosen outcome variable from which the magnitude of change is calculated to a determined endpoint typically over bi-decadal or decadal timeframes. However, this mode of analysis smoothes away short-run change patterns and neighbourhood dynamics. The implications of this practice could be far reaching if it is accepted that as neighbourhoods change they are liable to cross a threshold and transition from one state to another in the short- as well as longer-term. In a case study of deprived neighbourhoods in the Greater Manchester city-region, this paper aims to contribute to neighbourhood change debates in two ways. The first is by isolating transition pathways for individual neighbourhoods using annual change data. The second is by testing the thesis that the more deprived a neighbourhood is, the more likely it is to respond with greater volatility to short-run shocks when compared with less-deprived neighbourhoods. Four indicators collected annually between 2001 and 2010 are used to develop a typology of neighbourhood change and a subsequent typology of neighbourhood transition. The analysis exposed 260 different transition pathways that deprived neighbourhoods followed over the study period. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine the odds of a neighbourhood undergoing transition along a specific pathway owing to its level of deprivation. The model revealed that the most deprived neighbourhoods were likely to follow more volatile transition pathways compared with the less-deprived neighbourhoods especially during periods of economic difficulty. </jats:p

The ‘just’ management of urban air pollution? A geospatial analysis of low emission zones in Brussels and London

The increasing evidence base and public concern on the health effects of exposure to high levels of air pollution, combined with stricter environmental legislation, are forcing local governments to take drastic measures. One of the policy instruments, the low emission zone (LEZ), specifically targets a reduction in emissions from vehicles, a key source in urban environments. It is a contested instrument, with supporters who think it is a fair “polluter pays” instrument that especially benefits more deprived communities, while opponents fear an unequal social impact on people's accessibility and finances. This study wants to add a data-driven perspective to the discussion by simultaneously analysing the unequal exposure to air pollution and the unequal accessibility impact, in a comparative study of the LEZs in London and Brussels. The analysis combines a conventional multivariate regression analysis with a geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling to define the local spatial variation in the relationships, which is of particular concern when considering an explicitly spatial problem and solution. The study shows that GWR is a promising method in distributional environmental justice research through identifying parts of the city where effects are more unequal, as such facilitating customized policy instruments and targeted support

The ephemerality of prominence: a geospatial analysis of acoustic affordances in a hillfort landscape

Prominent places were powerful places. The persistence and stability of prominent places typically depends upon the prioritisation of their physical and visual attributes. Yet if we are interested in the expression of prominence and power, then we should take account of the potential ways that places reached acoustically into the landscape. Acoustics complement visibility since sound like sight helps shape human experiences, memories and emotions. In this paper, we employ a geospatial framework where patterns of sound propagation are modelled and brought into conversation with visibility and mobility-based analyses often applied in geospatial studies of prominence. We apply our approach to a study of the Bryn-y-Castell hillfort in North West Wales. Geospatial studies, employing viewshed and least-cost modelling, examine how topographic and visual exposure might have accentuated the presence of hillforts. We demonstrate the analytical value of combining acoustic, visibility and mobility approaches in mapping zones in which a trade-off in visual and acoustic messages may have been a feature of how landscape prominence was expressed. The contribution of this study lies in challenging us to think, conceptually and methodologically, of prominence as something that varied, was ephemeral, and that lost and gained potency with intensities of inhabitation and landscape dynamics

Measurement of electron screening in muonic lead

Energies of the transitions between high-lying (n≥6) states of muonic lead were accurately determined. The results are interpreted as a ∼2% test of the electron screening. The agreement between experiment and theory is good if it is assumed that the refilling of the electron K shell is fast. The present results furthermore severely restrict possible ionization of the electron L shell

The role of temporary use in urban regeneration : ordinary and extraordinary approaches in Bristol and Liverpool

This paper attempts to extend research on the temporary reuse of brownfield land through an examination of its role in regeneration strategies. The analysis draws upon empirical experience in two case study areas: one, Bristol’s Temple Quarter where regeneration policy has tried purposely to promote temporary use, and the other, Liverpool’s Creative Quarter, where policy has attempted retrospectively to capitalise upon ‘meanwhile’ development. Drawing on interviews with key regeneration and development actors, the paper demonstrates that regeneration strategies in different local economic contexts are poorly attuned to the needs of temporary users, who assume disproportionate levels of risk