A new lizard species (Scincidae: Ctenotus) highlights persistent knowledge gaps on the biodiversity of Australia’s central deserts

Australia harbors the most diverse lizard assemblages on Earth, yet the biodiversity of its vast arid zone remains incompletely characterized. Recent sampling of remote regions has revealed new species with unique phenotypes and unclear evolutionary affinities. Here, we describe a new species of scincid lizard that appears to be widely distributed across the Great Victoria Desert and adjacent regions. The new species was previously overlooked among specimens of the wide-ranging desert taxon Ctenotus schomburgkii but is distinguished from it by coloration and scalation characters. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and genome-wide nuclear loci confirmed that the new species is highly divergent from C. schomburgkii, with which it appears to be sympatric across much of its range. In addition to the new species, our survey of genetic variation within C. schomburgkii as currently recognized revealed three additional lineages that approach one another in southern and northwestern Australia, and which may also represent distinct species. These results suggest that our knowledge of the extraordinary biodiversity of arid Australia remains incomplete, with implications for the conservation and management of this unique fauna. The targeted collection of voucher specimens in undersampled regions, coupled with population genetic screening of lineage diversity, will be crucial for characterizing species boundaries and understanding the composition of Australia’s vertebrate communities

Are Populations of Mayflies Living in Adjacent Fish and Fishless Streams Genetically Differentiated?

1. Conspecific populations living in habitats with different risks of predation often show phenotypic variation in defensive traits. Traits of two species of mayflies (Baetidae: Baetis bicaudatus and Baetis sp. nov.) differ between populations living in fish and fishless streams in a high altitude drainage basin in western Colorado, U.S.A. We tested for genetic differentiation between mayfly populations in these two habitat types, assuming that lack of genetic differentiation would be consistent with the hypothesis that those traits are phenotypically plastic. 2. Previous work has shown that larvae of both species behave differently and undergo different developmental pathways in adjacent fish and fishless streams. These phenotypic differences in behaviour and development have been induced experimentally, suggesting that populations from fishless streams have the genetic capability to respond to fish. 3. During summer 2001 we collected Baetis larvae from several fish and fishless streams, and from fish and fishless sections of the same streams. We used allozymes and a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene to examine genetic variation of Baetis individuals within and among streams. 4. Results showed that genetic variation exists among populations of the same species of Baetis from different streams, but none of that variation was associated with the presence or absence of fish. These data confirm that populations of Baetis living in fish and fishless streams are not genetically distinct, and are consistent with the hypothesis that traits associated with environments of different risk are phenotypically plastic.No Full Tex

Antichiropus pendiculus Car & Harvey & Hillyer & Huey 2019, n. sp.

<i>Antichiropus pendiculus</i> Car, n. sp. <p>(Figs 27 A–F, 33)</p> <p> <b>ZooBank LSID:</b> urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4626A85B-2BEC-4286-B80C-9A9CB94C6E7C</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> <b> Australia: <i>Western Australia:</i></b> holotype male (damaged, 1 gonopod missing), Area C, ca. 120 km NNW. of Newman, site 12-12N, 22°55’00.5”S, 118°54’37.7”E, 11 June 2008, night search, P. Bolton and J. Puglisi (WAM T91862, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735742; 28S, MK 735806; COIII, MK 735927).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> <b> Australia: <i>Western Australia:</i></b> 1 juvenile, Area C, ca. 120 km NNW. of Newman, site 12-12B, 22°55’00.5”S, 118°54’37.7”E, 11 June 2008, active search, P. Bolton and J. Puglisi (WAM T91863, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735743; 28S, MK 735807; COI, MK 735849; COIII, MK 735928; CytB, MK 735981); 1 juvenile, Area C, ca. 120 km NNW. of Newman, site 08-8B, 22°54’02.2”S, 118°59’35.4”E, 11 June 2008, active search, P. Bolton and J. Puglisi (WAM T91864, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735744; 28S, MK 735808; COI, MK 735850; COIII, MK 735929; CytB, MK 735982); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 93 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’54.39”S, 118°45’52.15”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144498, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735786; 28S, MK 735830; COI, MK 735908; COIII, MK 735965; CytB, MK 736013); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 108 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’53.22”S, 119°00’08.23”E (WAM T144499, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735787; 28S, MK 735831; COI, MK 735909; COIII, MK 735966; CytB, MK 736014); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 108 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’54.39”S, 118°45’52.15”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144500, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735788; 28S, MK 735832; COI, MK 735910; COIII, MK 735967; CytB, MK 736015); 1 specimen, Packsaddle Range, 108 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’30.35”S, 118°46’52.97”E (WAM T144501, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735789; 28S, MK 735833; COI, MK 735911; COIII, MK 735968; CytB, MK 736016); 1 specimen, Packsaddle Range, 108 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’46.09”S, 118°47’15.22”E (WAM T144502, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735790; 28S, MK 735834; COI, MK 735912; COIII, MK 735969; CytB, MK 736017); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 108 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’39.13”S, 118°48’18.70”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144503, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735791; 28S, MK 735835; COI, MK 735913; COIII, MK 735970; CytB, MK 736018); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 93 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’19.12”S, 119°01’45.63”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144504, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735792; COI, MK 735914; COIII, MK 735971; CytB, MK 736019); 1 specimen, Packsaddle Range, 93 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’29.28”S, 118°59’44.07”E (WAM T144505, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735793; 28S, MK 735836; COI, MK 735915; COIII, MK 735972; CytB, MK 736020); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 80 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’02.95”S, 119°09’06.46”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144506, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735794; 28S, MK 735837; COI, MK 735916; COIII, MK 735973; CytB, MK 736021); 1 specimen, Packsaddle Range, 80 km NW. of Newman, 22°55’11.12”S, 119°08’41.83”E (WAM T144507, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735795; 28S, MK 735838; COI, MK 735917; COIII, MK 735974; CytB, MK 736022); 1 juvenile, Packsaddle Range, 80 km NW. of Newman, 22°54’33.82”S, 119°07’39.05”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144508, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735796; 28S, MK 735839; COI, MK 735918; COIII, MK 735975; CytB, MK 736023); 1 female, Packsaddle Range, 80 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’45.40”S, 119°04’38.02”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144509, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735797; 28S, MK 735840; COI, MK 735919; COIII, MK 735976; CytB, MK 736024); 1 specimen ca. 105 km NW. of Newman, 22°52’19.97”S, 118°51’37.73”E (WAM T144510, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735798; 28S, MK 735841; COI, MK 735920; COIII, MK 735977; CytB, MK 736025); 1 juvenile, 105 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’48.88”S, 118°51’33.39”E, 1 June 2017, hand collected, B. Durrant and P. Cullen (WAM T144513, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735799; 28S, MK 735842; COI, MK 735921; COIII, MK 735978; CytB, MK 736026); 1 specimen ca. 105 km NW. of Newman, 22°53’56.75”S, 118°51’05.72”E (WAM T144514, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735800; 28S, MK 735843; COI, MK 735922; COIII, MK 735979; CytB, MK 736027); 1 specimen ca. 105 km NW. of Newman, 22°54’00.81”S, 118°51’14.40”E (WAM T144515, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735801; 28S, MK 735844; COI, MK 735923; COIII, MK 735980; CytB, MK 736028).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Gonopod: <i>Antichiropus pendiculus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> is most similar to <i>A. cirratus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig 7): both have long, slender, curled solenomeres, distinct from those of all other Pilbara species. <i>Antichiropus cirratus</i> has, however, a noticeable protuberance on the distal end of the femorite, lacking in <i>A. pendiculus</i>. The most noticeable feature of <i>A. pendiculus</i> is that it lacks a solenomere process of any description, though it does conform to the genus in its other characteristics (Car <i>et al.</i>, 2013).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male holotype:</i> <b>Body</b> ca. 12.5 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite narrower than metazonite.</p> <p> <b>Colour</b> (in alcohol) brown overall, pale brown ventrally (Fig 27A); leg colour as for body. No obvious paranota (Fig 27B).</p> <p> <b>Sternites</b> without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella narrow, heart-shaped. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, flat.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> smooth, with no sculpturing; frons smooth, with setae; face narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 1.5x width of socket. <b>Antennae</b> clavate, stocky, short, reaching only to collum, antennomere 5 wider than proximal ones.</p> <p> <b>Collum</b> 0.8x as long as head (in lateral view) (Fig 27A).</p> <p> <b>Gonopod</b> short, reaching ring 6; coxa (C) damaged (not shown in Fig 27); prefemur (PF) considerably shorter than femorite, setose; prefemoral lip pronounced; femorite (F) ca. 2/3 of acropodite length in situ, upright; main femoral process (MFP) slender, finger-like, pointed, curving over anterior femorite; second femoral process (fp1) large, pointed, triangular; prolongation of femorite (prof) absent; solenomere (S) very long, slender, smooth, form- ing circle that curls round at 45 o to the upright femorite; solenomere tip smooth, pointed; solenomere process (sp1) absent (Figs 27 C–F).</p> <p> <i>Female:</i> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> To date, found only in a mining area known as Area C in the Pilbara region, west-north-west of the town of Newman (Fig 33).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named for the slender, long solenomere curled in a circle (Latin, noun, <i>pendiculus</i>, cord, noose).</p>Published as part of <i>Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1)</i> on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3248154">http://zenodo.org/record/3248154</a&gt

Antichiropus nicholasi Car & Harvey & Hillyer & Huey 2019, n. sp.

Antichiropus nicholasi Car, n. sp. (Figs 23 A–F, 25) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 829D9F49-CCAB-48C2-A1D1-4E93EF206D25 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male, 33.5 km SW. of Marble Bar, site MBE03, 21°25’35.00”S, 119°33’11”E, 12 October 2005 – 4 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall, CALM Pilbara Survey (WAM T144599). Paratypes: 1 female (badly damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T124594); 3 males (badly damaged), 3 females, collected with holotype (WAM T146718). Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus nicholasi Car, n. sp. is unmistakeable: it has a short squat femorite, carrying three distinctively shaped femoral processes. It also lacks a prolongation of the femorite. The undulating horizontally-held solenomere carries two processes. Antichiropus apricus Car, n. sp. (Fig 6) occurs in the same area, but it cannot be mistaken for A. nicholasi as A. apricus. has a broad femorite with a well-developed prolongation and a relatively broad solenomere. This species may be considered superficially similar to A. verutus Car, n. sp. (Fig 39) but the former is readily separated from the latter by its distinctive femoral processes and femorite shape. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 15 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Slight striations on dorsal and lateral body surfaces. Colour (in alcohol) generally very dark brown overall (holotype is paler–either bleached or newly moulted) paler ventrally (Fig 23A.); leg colour as for body. No paranota on posterior rings (Fig 23B). Sternal cones on ring 5, sternal lamella broad, square, setose on free edge. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, flat. Head smooth, without noticeable sculpturing; frons smooth, with few setae; face narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae short, reaching to collum, clavate, antennomeres of similar width. Collum 1x length of head (in lateral view) (Fig 23A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) much more robust and of similar length to the femorite; prefemur (PF) slightly shorter than femorite and setose, pronounced lip; femorite (F) ca. 1/3 of acropodite length in situ, squat and curved; main femoral process (MFP) short (to ca. 1/4 solenomere length), pointed and held at right angles to the femorite; prolongation of femorite absent; second femoral process (fp1) distinctive, ca. 1/2 femorite length, pointed tip made trapezoid due to translucent membrane attached to it, tip facing downwards towards coxa; third femoral process (fp2) broad, triangular, curved, pointed; solenomere (S) relatively short, forming L–shape, much narrower than femorite, ribbon-like, narrowing along length to the narrow, rounded tip; solenomere process 1 (sp1) and second solenomere process (sp2) (not shown in Fig); two slender, pointed processes, halfway along solenomere length, held in parallel with solenomere (Figs 23 C–F). Female: Much stouter than the male with more slender, shorter legs (WAM T124594). Distribution. This species has been found only in the vicinity of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara (Fig 25). Etymology. This species is named for the senior author’s son, Nicholas Car.Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/324815

Antichiropus vindicatus Car & Harvey & Hillyer & Huey 2019, n. sp.

<i>Antichiropus vindicatus</i> Car, n. sp. <p>(Figs 40 A–F, 41)</p> <p> <b>ZooBank LSID:</b> urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 535FB477-5E89-4BD6-A63A-CABCB96B43BB</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> <b> Australia: <i>Western Australia:</i></b> holotype male (damaged) 36 km NW. of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDRN11, 22°30’59”S, 120°39’34”E, 11 September 2005 – 16 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T146791). Paratypes: 2 males, 1 juvenile (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T124599); 1 male (damaged, posterior segments missing), 23 km NNW. of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDRN05, 22°36’12”S, 120°47’00”E, 10 September 2005 – 14 May 2006 ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T124622).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The gonopods of <i>A. vindicatus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> and <i>A. procerus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig 29) are very similar to each other but may be separated from each other by the shape of the prolongation of the femorite: <i>A. procerus</i> has a triangular, pointed curved structure whereas that of <i>A. vindicatus</i> is large, broad, irregularly-shaped with a blunt tip. The solenomere tip of <i>A. vindicatus</i> has only one well-developed pointed process just behind the tip: <i>A. procerus</i> has a relatively broader, more leaf-like solenomere tip, also carrying a process, but the well-developed process just behind the tip is branched with two distinct points.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male holotype:</i> <b>Body</b> ca. 15 mm long (hind segments missing); midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width.</p> <p> <b>Colour</b> (in alcohol) pale brown overall, possibly bleached (Fig 40A); leg colour as for body. No paranota on posterior rings, barely visible on anterior (Fig 40B.).</p> <p> <b>Sternites</b> without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, mushroom shaped. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, flat.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> smooth, without noticeable sculpturing; frons relatively short, face relatively narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket.</p> <p> <b>Antennae</b> slender, short, reaching to posterior edge of collum, not obviously clavate, terminal antennal segment only slightly broader than remaining segments. <b>Collum</b> 1x as long as head, triangular (in lateral view) (Fig 40A).</p> <p> <b>Gonopod</b> of medium length, reaching posterior edge of ring 5; coxa (C) robust,>1/2 length of femorite with no obvious ridge; prefemur (PF) shorter than femorite with pronounced lip; femorite (F) ca. 2/3 of acropodite length in situ, long, slightly curved (in lateral view), much broader than solenomere, narrowest at base, broadening to base of solenomere where it narrows; main femoral process (MFP) ca. 1/4 solenomere length, irregularly shaped, flattened with a sharp point; prolongation of femorite (prof) large, broad, triangular, translucent, slightly curved, coming to a point, ca. 1/3 solenomere length; solenomere (S) broader mid length; moderately long reaching down to middle of femorite, more slender at base and close to apex; solenomere tip relatively broad and flattened; solenomere process 1 (sp1) minute spine near tip; solenomere process 2 (sp2) at point at which solenomere tip flattens out, two-pronged pointed process (Figs 40 C–F).</p> <p> <i>Female:</i> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> This species was found in the Balfour Downs region of the Pilbara (Fig 41).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specimens in this species were initially thought to belong to <i>Antichiropus procerus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b>, but, because they had a different distribution from <i>A. procerus</i>, doubts were raised as to whether they were not, in fact, a separate species. On closer examination, those doubts were justified (Latin, adverb, <i>vindicatus</i>, justified).</p>Published as part of <i>Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1)</i> on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3248154">http://zenodo.org/record/3248154</a&gt

Antichiropus hystricosus Car & Harvey & Hillyer & Huey 2019, n. sp.

<i>Antichiropus hystricosus</i> Car, n. sp. <p>(Figs 19 A–F, 25)</p> <p> <b>ZooBank:</b> urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 72049057-9005-4B9C-9C9F-8EB7D60D5995</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> <b> Australia: <i>Western Australia:</i></b> holotype male (slightly damaged), 24 km SE. of Paraburdoo, Pilbara Biological Survey site TCMBC05, 23°19’06”S, 117°52’17”E, 30 August 2005 – 31 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T124621). Paratype: 1 male (damaged, many legs missing), collected with holotype (WAM T144616).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Gonopod: this species is most similar to <i>A. cucumeraceous</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig 10 <i>)</i> but is easily distinguished from it by <i>A. hystricosus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> having noticeable serrations at the base of the solenomere, lacking in the former species. <i>Antichiropus gibbus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig 18 <i>)</i> and <i>A. echinus</i> Car, <b>n. sp.</b> (Fig 13) have similar serrations but <i>A. gibbus</i> has a pronounced protuberance on its femorite which <i>A. hystricosus</i> lacks,, and <i>A. echinus</i> has a slender pointed solenomere tip, while that of <i>A. hystricosus.</i> is transparent, flattened and blunt.One of the most noticeable features of this species, however, is that it lacks a prolongation of the femorite.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male holotype:</i> <b>Body</b> ca. 15 mm long, midbody ring ca. 1.5 mm wide, with shallow, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar widths, slight lateral striations, rings 7-5.</p> <p> <b>Colour</b> (in alcohol) dark brown (Fig 19A): legs relatively long, leg colour dark brown. No paranota (Fig 19B).</p> <p> <b>Sternites</b> without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella medium width, heart-shaped. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody tiny, ovoid, flat.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> smooth, with no sculpturing; frons smooth, sparsely setose; face moderately narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket.</p> <p> <b>Antennae</b> of moderate length, reaching to ring 2, robust, barely clavate.</p> <p> <b>Collum</b> ca. 0.75x length of head (lateral view) (Fig 19A).</p> <p> <b>Gonopod</b> of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) more robust but 1/2 femorite length, pronounced ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) ovoid, lightly setose with slight lip; femorite (F) 2/3 length of acropodite, upright, slender at base, broadest mid-length, narrowing then broadening again at apex; main femoral process (MFP) long, slender, held at 45 degrees to femorite; second femoral process (fp1) absent; prolongation of femorite (prof) absent; solenomere (S) relatively long, forming a circle, narrowest at base then broadening, small spines at base; soleno- mere tip flattened, blunt; solenomere process (sp1) small, curved, slender, pointed, in apical 1/3 of solenomere (Figs 19C–F).</p> <p> <i>Female:</i> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Found only from one site SE of the mining town of Paraburdoo (Fig 25).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named for the small spines present at the base of the solenomere (Latin, adjective, <i>hystricosus</i>, thorny, prickly).</p>Published as part of <i>Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1)</i> on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3248154">http://zenodo.org/record/3248154</a&gt

Antichiropus literulus Car & Harvey & Hillyer & Huey 2019, n. sp.

Antichiropus literulus Car, n. sp. (Figs 21 A–G, 25) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1356FE51-A508-4637-A324-9A138E975374 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (badly damaged, lacking posterior segments), 29 km NNW of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDR7, 22°32’39”S, 120°47’57”E, 10 September 2005 – 14 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (WAM T144608). Paratypes: 1 male (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T137471); 1 male, 2 females (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T146716). Diagnosis. Gonopod: A. literulus Car, n. sp. is a minute species, similar in that regard to A. filiolus Car, n. sp. (Fig 14) but the former can be recognised by its distinctive L-shaped main femoral process. Description. Male holotype: Body, ca. 10 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1.5 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar widths. Colour unknown, specimen bleached (Fig 21A); leg colour bleached. No paranota (Fig 21B.). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, relatively square. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, flat. Head smooth, with no sculpturing; frons smooth, with some setae; face moderately narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 1.5x width of socket. Antennae of moderate length, reaching to ring 2, antennomeres not obviously clavate. Collum ca. 0.75x length of head (in lateral view) (Fig21A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) more robust and much shorter than femorite; prefemur (PF) considerably shorter than femorite, slightly setose with noticeable lip; femorite (F) 2/3 length of acropodite, slender at base, thickening suddenly one-third along its length; main femoral process (MFP) 1/4 femorite length, relatively broad, pointed with distinct ‘elbow’ (L-shaped) and a translucent flange in anterior view; prolongation of femorite (prof) 1/2 length of femorite, narrow, curved, pointed; solenomere (S) broadest in the proximal half; solenomere tip slender, narrow, rounded; solenomere process (sp1) bifurcate; second solenomere process (sp2) tiny, pointed, triangular, halfway along solenomere (Figs 21 C–G). Female: Similar to male, but broader (ca. 2 mm dorsally) and stouter (lateral view): legs shorter (WAM T13771). Distribution. This species has been collected only from a single locality near Balfour Downs Homestead (Fig 25). Etymology. Antichiropus literulus is named for its L-shaped main femoral process (Latin, noun, literula, diminutive form of the letter L).Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/324815