Relationship between fructusamine, glucose, total protein, and albumin concentrations of serum in late pregnancy and early lactation of dairy Saanen goat

The changes in serum fructosamine concentration of dairy Saanen goats during late pregnancy and early lactation and its relationship to serum glucose, total protein, and albumin concentrations was investigated. Eleven Saanen goats were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected by the jugular vein in 30, 15 and 7 days before the expected time of parturition (D-30, D-15, and D-7, respectively) and also 12 hours and 3, 7, 13, and 42 days post-partum (H+12, D+3, D+7, D+13, and D+42, respectively). The serum concentrations of fructosamine, glucose, albumin, and total protein were measured. The maximum concentration of fructosamine was at 12 hours post-partum and decreased thereafter. Serum concentration of glucose significantly increased from D-15 up to 12 hours post-partum and then decreased and stayed at the same level. The serum concentrations of albumin and total protein significantly increased during post-partum period. There were significant correlations between fructosamine and glucose concentrations at post-partum period and overall time of the study. Linear regression analysis between each sampling amount of glucose and three consecutive fructosamine concentrations revealed significant positive correlation between glucose of each sampling time with the fructosamine of first sampling time thereafter. According to the correlation between glucose and fructosamine amounts during the study, especially post-partum period in Saanen goat, fructosamine measurement could be used as a useful indicator of energy economy and probably stress in Sannen goat; but controversy between reports in ruminants needs further studies for better understanding of fructosamine as energy biomarker in ruminants

Effects of Monensin on Metabolism and Production in Dairy Saanen Goats in Periparturient Period

This trial evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with monensin sodium on dry matter intake, metabolic parameters and milk yield and milk composition of dairy Saanen goats in the periparturient period. Twelve Saanen pregnant dairy goats were assigned to a treatment and a control group. Saanen goats were fed monensin as its 10% sodium salt in the amount of 33 mg/kg of total dry matter intake during 30 d before parturition till d 42 in milk. Blood samples were collected from each goat at d 30, 15 and 7 before expected kidding time and also in d 1, 7, 13, 19, 21, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum. The serum concentrations of β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterifed fatty acid (NEFA), calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, total protein, albumin and glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were determined. The BHBA concentration significantly decreased in goats, which received monensin in comparison to controls in the postpartum period (p = 0.049). The concentration of sodium (Na) was significantly influenced by monensin treatment in the postpartum period (p = 0.048). In addition, the difference in dry matter intake was highly significant between the two groups during the pre-partum period. Controls had more dry matter intake (DMI) than treatment goats (p = 0.0001). Mean 3.5% fat corrected milk production was not influenced by monensin treatment. However, milk fat percentage was significantly decreased in monensin treated goats (p = 0.0017)

Bovine salmonellosis in Northeast of Iran: Frequency, genetic fingerprinting and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp.

Objective: To evaluate serovar and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp isolated from healthy, diseased and necropsied cows and calves in this observational study. Methods: Nineteen isolates recovered from feces and tissues of salmonellosis-affected animals of two commercial farms in north-east of Iran. In second part of the study, the two farms were sampled 4 times with an interval of 2 month. The samples included calves' feces, adult cows' feces, feeds, water, milk filters, and milk fed to calves. Five Salmonella were isolated from 332 fecal samples collected from calves and peri-parturient cows. No Salmonella was recovered from water, feed, milk filers and milk fed to calves. Results: Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequently isolate among all sero-groups. S. Dublin was only accounted for 8% (two out of 24) of isolates. Isolated Salmonella strains were used for the ERIC PCR DNA fingerprinting assay. Our results grouped Salmonella isolates into 3 clusters, suggesting that specific genotypes were responsible for each sero-group of Salmonella. The results also revealed diversity among Salmonella isolates in cluster III (sero-group B). Eighteen out of 19 Salmonella spp. were resistant to oxytetracycline. Five isolates out of 19 showed more than one drug resistance. Multi-drug resistance was seen only among Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Enrofloxacin was the most susceptible antibiotic against all isolates in this study. Conclusion: The emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium should be of great concern to the public. No correlation between ERIC fingerprinting and resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates was found, which indicates resistance to antimicrobial agents was not related to specific genetic background

The Effects of administration of different parts of banana (Musa cavendish) fruit extracts and peel powder on the oxidative/antioxidative characteristics and some mineral concentrations in neonatal dairy calves

The present study examined the effects of overripe banana (Musa cavendish) pulp and green banana peel extract and powder on oxidants/antioxidants parameters and some minerals in Holstein dairy calves. Forty newborn calves were randomly divided into four groups of 10 (control, group one, group two and group three). The groups were homogenous for the parity of the dams and the time of birth.Within 12-48 hours of birth, calves were assigned to their treatment groups. In the control group, animals received no banana meal. In group one, calves were supplemented with 2 g (dry matter)/kg body weight/day of overripe banana pulp extract for five days. The calves in group two were supplemented with 1 g (dry matter) of overripe banana pulp extract /kg body weight/day and 1 g (dry matter) of green banana peel extract/kg body weight/day for five days. The animals in group three were supplemented with 2 g/kg body weight/day of green banana peel powder for five days. Blood samples were taken on day 0 (at birth) and on days 7, 15 and 30 through the jugular vein. Age (the time of sampling) had a significant effect on the values of phosphorous, potassium, iron, copper, FRAP and activity of GPx enzyme (p < 0.05). Significant group and sampling time interaction was seen for the FRAP concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, banana supplementation in the Holstein dairy calf’s diet at the concentration and duration that was reported in the present study had beneficial effect on the values of FRAP

Effects of Dexamethasone and Insulin Alone or in Combination on Energy and Protein Metabolism Indicators and Milk Production in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation – A Randomized Controlled Trial

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>This study investigated the effects of dexamethasone and insulin, when administered at 3^rd or 10^th day of lactation on energy and protein metabolism in dairy cows.</p><p>Materials and Methods</p><p>Two hundred Holstein cows were enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial. The cows were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 treatments at 3 or 10 days in milk: control group, 10-mL i.m. injection of sterile water, group insulin, s.c. injection of 100 units of insulin, group dexamethasone, i.m. injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone, group insulin plus dexamethasone, i.m. injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone and 100 units of insulin. The cows randomly assigned to receive the treatments on 3 or 10 days of lactation. Serum samples obtained at the time of enrollment, time of treatment and at 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after intervention. The sera were analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, cholesterol, albumin, urea, and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model that accounted for the effects of parity, body condition score, dystocia, retained placenta, metritis and the random effect of cow.</p><p>Results</p><p>There was no significant interaction of group of treatment and time of intervention (day 3 or 10 post-partum) on serum components. Cows that received insulin or dexamethasone alone or in combination, had lower BHBA 2 days after treatment compared with control cows, whereas concentrations of NEFA, were unaffected suggesting that glucocorticoids lipolytic effects do not appear to be important in healthy cows. AST activities significantly reduced in cows that received dexamethasone with or without insulin at 2 and 4 days after treatment. Albumin and urea concentrations 2 days after treatment were higher for cows that received dexamethasone only or dexamethasone plus insulin compared with control and Ins received cows. There were no treatment effects on test-day milk production, milk fat and protein percentages.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The results suggested that administration of glucocorticoids in early lactation resulted in short-term improvement of metabolism in postpartum dairy cows in biochemical terms.</p></div

The effects of time of lactation, treatment (group ID, insulin plus dexamethasone; group Ins, insulin only; group Dex, dexamethasone; group Con, placebo), parity, and subclinical ketosis on milk production and milk components by repeated-measures of ANOVA.

<p>All underlying data of the study is available as the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139276#pone.0139276.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p><p>There was no treatment × time interaction.</p

Ingredient and nutritional composition (% DM unless otherwise noted) of diets fed to cows during dry and lactation period.

<p>Abbreviations. NE_L: net energy for lactation; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; NFC: non-fiber carbohydrates; CP, RDP: crude protein, rumen degradable protein; CP, RUP: crude protein, rumen un-degradable protein; DCAD: dietary cation and anion difference.</p><p>Ingredient and nutritional composition (% DM unless otherwise noted) of diets fed to cows during dry and lactation period.</p

Least square mean and standard error of serum concentrations of (a) BHBA, (b) NEFA, (c) glucose, (d) cholesterol, (e) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), (f) urea and (g) albumin in 193 cows received placebo (blue diamond, 49 cows), insulin (red square, 47 cows), dexamethasone (green triangle, 49 cows), and insulin plus dexamethasone (purple circle, 48 cows).

<p>Treatments were given once at +3 or +10 d relating to calving. Significant differences (<i>P</i><0·0083) are marked *.</p

Parity, BCS, dystocia, incidence of retained placenta and metritis and milk breeding value of cows that received placebo (group Con), insulin only (group Ins), dexamethasone only (group Dex), or dexamethasone plus insulin (group ID), once in day 3 or 10 of lactation.

<p>Parity, BCS, dystocia, incidence of retained placenta and metritis and milk breeding value of cows that received placebo (group Con), insulin only (group Ins), dexamethasone only (group Dex), or dexamethasone plus insulin (group ID), once in day 3 or 10 of lactation.</p