Correction: Martínez-González, M.A. et al. Transferability of the Mediterranean Diet to Non-Mediterranean Countries. What Is and What Is Not the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1226

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [1]

A Mediterranean lifestyle reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) cohort

Background and aims: A healthy lifestyle is essential to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, beyond dietary habits, there is a scarcity of studies comprehensively assessing the typical traditional Mediterranean lifestyle with a multi-dimensional index. We assessed the association between the Mediterranean lifestyle (measured with the MEDLIFE index including diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors) and the incidence of CVD. Methods and results: The “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) project is a prospective, dynamic and multipurpose cohort of Spanish university graduates. We calculated a MEDLIFE score, composed of 28 items on food consumption, dietary habits, physical activity, rest, social habits, and conviviality, for 18,631 participants by assigning 1 point for each typical Mediterra- nean lifestyle factor achieved, for a theoretically possible final score ranging from 0 to 28 points. During an average follow-up of 11.5 years, 172 CVD cases (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardio- vascular death) were observed. An inverse association between the MEDLIFE score and the risk of primary cardiovascular events was observed, with multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) Z 0.50; (95% confidence interval, 0.31e0.81) for the highest MEDLIFE scores (14e23 points) compared to the lowest scores (0e9 points), p (trend) Z 0.004. Conclusion: A higher level of adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle was significantly associ- ated with a lower risk of CVD in a Spanish cohort. Public health strategies should promote the Mediterranean lifestyle to preserve cardiovascular health

Joint association of the Mediterranean diet and smoking with all-cause mortality in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort

Objectives: Although low-quality diets and smoking are independently associated with higher mortality risk, a joint analysis of both risk factors in relation to mortality has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to explore the effect modification between level of adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) and smoking status on all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality.Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis to assess the association between diet and smoking status in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort study. Deaths were confirmed by review of the National Death Index. Participants were classified into six categories according to the MedDiet (adherence/non-adherence) and their exposure to smoking (never/former/current smoker). Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality. During a mean follow-up of 11.5 y (SD 4.5), we observed 18 948 participants (mean age 38.4 y; SD 12.4) and 431 deaths (51.3% cancer deaths). Results: A higher risk for death was found among smokers with a low adherence to the MedDiet (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.45-3.34) compared with never smokers with high adherence to the MedDiet. The P value for supra-multiplicative effect modification was not statistically significant, meaning that the effect of both factors is multiplicative. A higher risk for premature death from cancer was found in smokers and in those nonadherent with the MedDiet.Conclusion: Smoking and poor adherence to the MedDiet exerted a multiplicative effect in increasing allcause mortality and cancer-related mortality in a Spanish population of university graduates.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

The Mediterranean diet and physical activity: interaction analysis and assessment of a mediterranean lifestyle score for the prevention of chronic diseases and premature

Epidemiology is the science that studies disease occurrence and health states in human populations.1 Epidemiology represents a multifaceted and interdisciplinary field of medicine which assesses the effect of exposures, including causal inference, on any health-related outcome that impacts the overall health of a given population.1–3 In recent decades, epidemiological studies have sought to better understand the causality of some detrimental exposures (i.e. poor nutrition, lack of exercise, pollution, inadequate sleep, smoking) and have proposed public health strategies for mitigating the world’s current non-communicable or chronic disease (NCDs) epidemic.1,4 A variety of highly prevalent NCDs are largely responsible for both morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whereas morbidity is the state of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a disease or condition, mortality is related to the number of deaths caused by the health outcome, presented either as an absolute number or “per 1000” rate of the given population.4 Additionally, in public health it is important to capture fatal outcomes in a summary measure of average levels of population health, such as life expectancy.5 At the population-level, in addition to the attributable mortality, mortality rates, and life expectancy, other health metrics estimate the population impact of disease and disease risk factors, not only fatalities. These metrics include years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).6 These measures help understand the burden that a health outcome may place on a population and offer stakeholders some direction as to how health outcomes can be more effectively prioritized to design and proactively implement prevention strategies, and properly allocate the pertinent resources to each alternative strategy.4 Furthermore, the population impact of morbidity and cause-specific mortality have been recently evidenced using these estimated measures within The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD).

The Mediterranean diet and physical activity: interaction analysis and assessment of a mediterranean lifestyle score for the prevention of chronic diseases and premature

Epidemiology is the science that studies disease occurrence and health states in human populations.1 Epidemiology represents a multifaceted and interdisciplinary field of medicine which assesses the effect of exposures, including causal inference, on any health-related outcome that impacts the overall health of a given population.1–3 In recent decades, epidemiological studies have sought to better understand the causality of some detrimental exposures (i.e. poor nutrition, lack of exercise, pollution, inadequate sleep, smoking) and have proposed public health strategies for mitigating the world’s current non-communicable or chronic disease (NCDs) epidemic.1,4 A variety of highly prevalent NCDs are largely responsible for both morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whereas morbidity is the state of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a disease or condition, mortality is related to the number of deaths caused by the health outcome, presented either as an absolute number or “per 1000” rate of the given population.4 Additionally, in public health it is important to capture fatal outcomes in a summary measure of average levels of population health, such as life expectancy.5 At the population-level, in addition to the attributable mortality, mortality rates, and life expectancy, other health metrics estimate the population impact of disease and disease risk factors, not only fatalities. These metrics include years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).6 These measures help understand the burden that a health outcome may place on a population and offer stakeholders some direction as to how health outcomes can be more effectively prioritized to design and proactively implement prevention strategies, and properly allocate the pertinent resources to each alternative strategy.4 Furthermore, the population impact of morbidity and cause-specific mortality have been recently evidenced using these estimated measures within The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD).

Correction: Transferability of the mediterranean diet to non-mediterranean countries. what Is and what Is not the mediterranean diet. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1226

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [1]. In Table 1, page 5, two frequently used operational definitions of the Mediterranean diet are presented. There is a typographical error in one of the items of the PREDIMED screener score for the consumption of “sofrito”. Instead of saying two or more times per week, it said two or more times per day. More can be read on this score in the original article that defines this short screener [2]. In Table 1, “tablespoon” was replaced with “tablespoons”. Meanwhile, in the footer of Table 1, “hamburgers of sausages” was replaced with “hamburgers, or sausages”

Correction: Transferability of the mediterranean diet to non-mediterranean countries. what Is and what Is not the mediterranean diet. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1226

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [1]. In Table 1, page 5, two frequently used operational definitions of the Mediterranean diet are presented. There is a typographical error in one of the items of the PREDIMED screener score for the consumption of “sofrito”. Instead of saying two or more times per week, it said two or more times per day. More can be read on this score in the original article that defines this short screener [2]. In Table 1, “tablespoon” was replaced with “tablespoons”. Meanwhile, in the footer of Table 1, “hamburgers of sausages” was replaced with “hamburgers, or sausages”

Correction: Martínez-González, M.A. et al. Transferability of the Mediterranean Diet to Non-Mediterranean Countries. What Is and What Is Not the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1226

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [1]

Anthocyanin Intake and physical activity: associations with the lipid profile of a US working population

While growing evidence exists on the independent associations between anthocyanins and physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk determinants, the possible interaction between these exposures has not yet been studied. We aimed to study the potential synergism between anthocyanin intake and physical activity on lipid profile measures. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 US career firefighters participating in the Feeding America's Bravest trial. Anthocyanin intake was calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and physical activity level by a validated questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models determined the extent to which anthocyanin intake and physical activity predicted lipid parameters. Generalized linear models were used for joint effect and interaction analyses on the multiplicative and additive scales. Both anthocyanins and physical activity were independently inversely associated with total cholesterol:high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Only physical activity was inversely associated with triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol:HDL, and triglycerides (TG):HDL. Although the combined exposure of low anthocyanin intake and low physical activity was associated with lower (RR is 2.83; 95/100 CI: 1.42 to 5.67) HDL cholesterol 40 mg/dL, neither multiplicative (p is 0.72) nor additive interactions were detected (relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 0.02; 95/100 CI: -1.63 to 1.66; p is 0.98). Our findings provide insight on the potential synergism between anthocyanin intake and physical activity on the lipid profile

Anthocyanin Intake and physical activity: associations with the lipid profile of a US working population

While growing evidence exists on the independent associations between anthocyanins and physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk determinants, the possible interaction between these exposures has not yet been studied. We aimed to study the potential synergism between anthocyanin intake and physical activity on lipid profile measures. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 US career firefighters participating in the Feeding America's Bravest trial. Anthocyanin intake was calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and physical activity level by a validated questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models determined the extent to which anthocyanin intake and physical activity predicted lipid parameters. Generalized linear models were used for joint effect and interaction analyses on the multiplicative and additive scales. Both anthocyanins and physical activity were independently inversely associated with total cholesterol:high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Only physical activity was inversely associated with triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol:HDL, and triglycerides (TG):HDL. Although the combined exposure of low anthocyanin intake and low physical activity was associated with lower (RR is 2.83; 95/100 CI: 1.42 to 5.67) HDL cholesterol 40 mg/dL, neither multiplicative (p is 0.72) nor additive interactions were detected (relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 0.02; 95/100 CI: -1.63 to 1.66; p is 0.98). Our findings provide insight on the potential synergism between anthocyanin intake and physical activity on the lipid profile