High hydrostatic pressure treatment as an alternative to pasteurization to maintain bioactive compound content and texture in red sweet pepper

[EN] Red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an excellent source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds. High hydrostatic pressures (HHP) not only increase shelf-life but also maintain nutritional and organoleptic properties better in a number of food products. The aim of this work was to measure the effect of HHP and a thermal treatment, pasteurization (PA) in a water bath at 70 °C for 10 min, on some bioactive compounds (fibre, carotenoids and antioxidant activity) and on the texture (TPA; firmness and shear force) of red Lamuyo-type sweet peppers, in order to discover the relationship between treatment (HHP and PA), tissue microstructure and bioactive compound extractability. The results show that HHP at 500 MPa and PA treatments had less impact on the microstructure, bioactive compound content (fibre and antioxidant activity) and texture of red sweet peppers, than when low pressures were used. Consequently, new functional foods could be developed using red sweet pepper tissues treated with high pressures (500 MPa) and/or PA. Industrial relevance Today¿s consumers demand foods that are rich in bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects and safer, more natural, minimally-processed food products. Red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an excellent source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and fibre. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is considered one of the most economically viable of the non-thermal technologies that helps to preserve red sweet peppers with high nutritional and quality parameters. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the microstructure of HHP-treated red sweet pepper tissues in order to discover whether this treatment promotes the extractability of bioactive compounds, and to compare the results with those obtained by pasteurizing the red sweet pepper. Thus, these enhanced red sweet peppers could be used as ingredients in the formulation of new functional foods.The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for financial support (project AGL2011-30064-C02-02) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for the FPI grant awarded to Maria Hernandez Carrion. The authors also wish to thank Mary Georgina Hardinge for assistance with the English manuscriptHernández Carrión, M.; Hernando Hernando, MI.; Quiles Chuliá, MD. (2014). High hydrostatic pressure treatment as an alternative to pasteurization to maintain bioactive compound content and texture in red sweet pepper. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 26:76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.06.004S76852

Identificación en levadura de genes determinantes de la tolerancia a ácidos preservantes de alimentos

[EN] Intracellular pH (pHi)is a fundamental parameter in living cells because it regulates many processes, including cell growth and death. Proton and potassium transporters and their regulators, cellular buffers, metabolic reactions consuming and producing protons and cellular systems affected by changes in pHi constitute the pHi homeostasis system. To create intracellular acid stress in the laboratory we used weak organic acids such as acetic, that at pH 4-5 are to a large extent in undissociated state, and when introduced into the cell dissociate a proton causing a decrease in pHi. This intracellular acidification inhibits growth at low levels and induces cell death at high levels. These acids are used as food preservatives, because the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi alters their qualities, spoil them and may be harmful to consumers. Ramón Serrano’s laboratory is looking for new components involved in pHi homeostasis using the yeast model system and selecting mutants with increased tolerance to intracellular acid stress created by organic acids. This has identified the transport of leucine as a very sensitive system to acid pHi and protein kinase Gcn2 as activator of that transporter. The yeast system has a number of technical features that make it suitable for this type of biological tests. Yeast plasmids allow gain of function of genes from gene libraries to select yeast colonies with the phenotype of interest. In our case a higher tolerance to acetic acid is used. After selection of colonies and plasmid extraction and sequencing we can know which genes are present in the plasmid. These genes are responsible for the increased tolerance to acid stress. Employing this methodology I have isolated a plasmid from a yeast genomic library conferring an increased tolerance to acetic acid.[ES] El pH intracelular (pHi) es un parámetro fundamental en las células, ya que regula muchos de los procesos que tienen lugar en ellas, incluyendo el crecimiento y la muerte celular. El pH intracelular, así como los sistemas celulares afectados por los cambios de este parámetro, están regulados por el sistema de homeostasis del pH. Tienen un papel importante los transportadores de protones, como la H+-ATPasa de membrana plasmática y sus reguladores. Para crear un estrés ácido en las células se emplean en el laboratorio ácidos orgánicos débiles como el acético, que en medios de pH 4-5 están en estado no disociado, y al difundir dentro de la célula se disocian provocando un descenso del pHi, inhibiendo su crecimiento y provocando muerte celular a altras concentraciones y pHi muy bajos. Por esta razón, se emplean como conservantes de alimentos, ya que la presencia de microorganismos como bacterias, hongos o levaduras alteran sus cualidades y pueden resultar dañinos para los consumidores. El laboratorio de Ramón Serrano está buscando nuevos componentes implicados en la homeostasis del pHi utilizando el sistema modelo de levadura y seleccionando mutantes con mayor tolerancia a estrés ácido intracelular. Ello ha permitido identificar el trandporte de leucina y la proteína kinasa Gcn2. El sistema de levadura presenta una serie de características técnicas que lo hacen indicado para este tipo de estudios biológicos. Se emplea el sistema de plásmidos que permiten conseguir una ganancia de función de genes para seleccionar las colonias de levadura según el fenotipo de interés, en nuestro caso una mayor tolerancia aácido acético. Tras la selección de los mutantes y la extracción del plásmido, mediante técnicas de secuenciación, se puede saber cuáles son los genes presentes en el plásmido, que serán los responsables de esta mayor tolerancia a estrés ácido. Empleando esta metodología se ha aislado un plásmido centromérico de la biblioteca genómica de levadura que confiere un aumento en la tolerancia ácido acético.Martín Hernández, MDLD. (2014). Identificación en levadura de genes determinantes de la tolerancia a ácidos preservantes de alimentos. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/40410.Archivo delegad

Haplotypes of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" identified in Umbeliferous crops in Spain

[EN] 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that causes serious damage to different crops of the botanical families Solanaceae and Apiaceae. Five haplotypes have been described: LsoA and LsoB are present in solanaceous crops in America and vectored by the tomato/potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli; LsoC affects carrots from Northern and Central Europe, and is transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis; haplotypes LsoD and LsoE are present in Southern Europe and Morocco in carrot and celery, and are associated with the psyllid Bactericera trigonica. Thirty-four 'Ca. L. solanacearum' isolates were collected in six different regions of Spain from distinct Apiaceae hosts (carrot, celery, parsley and parsnip) in eight consecutive years and were analysed. Their haplotypes were determined by a sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA, the 16S-26S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer, and the 23S ribosomal RNA and rplJ and rplL genes. Both haplotypes LsoD and LsoE were found across Spain, and no host specificity appeared between these two haplotypes. This is the first report of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' associated with parsley and parsnip.This work has been supported by grant INIA (RTA2011-00142). This paper is dedicated to the memory of F.J. Villaescusa (1981-2011). The technical support of S. Sanjuan and J.C. Ferrandiz from Agricola Villena Coop. V. is also acknowledged.Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Hernández-Llopis, D.; Font San Ambrosio, MI. (2017). Haplotypes of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" identified in Umbeliferous crops in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 149(1):127-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1172-21271311491Alfaro-Fernández A., Cebrián M.C., Villaescusa F.J., Hermoso de Mendoza A., Ferrándiz J.C., Sanjuán S., Font M.I. (2012). ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ associated with Bactericera trigonica affected carrots in the Canary Islands. Plant Disease 96, 581.Bertolini, E., Teresani, G. R., Loiseau, M., Tanaka, F. A. O., Barbé, S., Martínez, C., Gentit, P., López, M. M., & Cambra, M. (2014). Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in carrot seeds. Plant Pathology, 64, 276–285.EPPO. (2013). Data sheets on pests recommended for regulation. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum. EPPO Bulletin, 43, 197–201.Green, M. J., Thompson, D. A., & Mackenzie, D. J. (1999). Easy and efficient DNA extraction from woody plants for the detection of phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 83, 482–485.Hansen, A. K., Trumble, J. T., Stouthamer, R., & Paine, T. D. (2008). A new huanglongbing species, “Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous,” found to infect tomato and potato, is vectored by the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc). Applied Environmental Microbiology, 74, 5862–5865.Larkin, M. A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N. P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P. A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I. M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., & Higgins, D. G. (2007). Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23, 2947–2948.Loiseau, M., Garnier, S., Boirin, V., Merieau, M., Leguay, A., Renaudin, I., Renvoisé, J.-P., & Gentit, P. (2014). First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in carrot in France. Plant Disease, 98, 839.Munyaneza, J. E. (2012). Zebra chip disease of potato: biology, epidemiology and management. American Journal of Potato Research, 89, 329–350.Munyaneza, J., Buchman, J., Upton, J., Goolsby, J., Crosslin, J., & Bester, G. (2008). Impact of different potato psyllid populations on zebra chip disease incidence, severity, and potato yield. Subtropical Plant Science, 60, 27–37.Munyaneza, J., Sengoda, V., Crosslin, J., de la Rosa-Lorenzo, G., & Sanchez, A. (2009). First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’ in potato tubers with zebra Chip disease in Mexico. Plant Disease, 93, 552.Munyaneza, J. E., Fisher, T. W., Sengoda, V. G., & Garczynski, S. F. (2010a). First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ associated with psyllid-affected carrots in Europe. Plant Disease, 94, 639.Munyaneza, J. E., Fisher, T. W., Sengoda, V. G., Garczynski, S. F., Nissinen, A., & Lemmetty, A. (2010b). Association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ with the psyllid Trioza apicalis (hemiptera: Triozidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103, 1060–1070.Munyaneza, J. E., Swisher, K. D., Hommes, M., Willhauck, A., Buck, H., & Meadow, R. (2015). First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ associated with psyllid-infested carrots in Germany. Plant Disease, 99, 1269.Nelson, W. R., Fisher, T. W., & Munyaneza, J. E. (2011). Haplotypes of “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” suggest long-standing separation. European Journal of Plant Patholology, 130, 5–12.Nelson, W. R., Sengoda, V. G., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Font, M. I., Crosslin, J. M., & Munyaneza, J. E. (2013). A new haplotype of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ identified in the Mediterranean region. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 135, 633–639.Tahzima, R., Maes, M., Achbani, E. H., Swisher, K. D., Munyaneza, J. E., & De Jonghe, K. (2014). First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ on carrot in Africa. Plant Disease, 98, 1426.Teresani, G. R., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A. O., Kitajima, E. W., Roselló, M., Sanjuán, S., Ferrándiz, J. C., López, M. M., Cambra, M., & Font, M. I. (2014). Association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection. Phytopathology, 104, 804–811.Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., de Hermoso Mendoza, A., & Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potential vectors of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’: population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e10–002

Use of image analysis to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure and pasteurization as preservation treatments on the microstructure of red sweet pepper

[EN] The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of HHP treatment and PAST on the microstructure of red Lamuyotype sweet peppers using image analysis and to determine the parameters that allow characterizing the changes observed on the structure using different magnifications (100×, 200×, and 350×). The results show that all the preservation treatments evaluated caused structural modifications on the microstructure of red sweet pepper, but HHP at 500 MPa and PAST had less impact. Fractal dimension texture, contrast, inverse difference moment, and entropy are texture features that are appropriate for characterizing the effect of HHP and PAST on red pepper texture. In this context, it is important to consider the magnification at which red pepper texture is evaluated because cell damage caused by treatments is best observed at low magnification. Consequently, image analysis could be used in future studies to relate microstructure to the functionality of products subject to HHP. Industrial relevance: Red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an excellent source of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) applied during food processing can improve the retention of food quality attributes and nutritional and organoleptic properties better than pasteurization (PAST). Image analysis is a non-invasive technique that allows to provide objective evaluations from digitalized images. There are no studies that quantify the effect of HHP and PAST using image texture parameters and that evaluate the effect of the magnification used on these texture features. These features are critical factors that determine food acceptance or rejection by the consumers. Thus, texture measurement has gained much attention from food science and industry. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the effect of these treatments on the microstructure of red sweet pepper tissue using image analysis. Thereby, it would be possible to relate the image information to structural modifications and to the extractability of bioactive compounds or acceptance of preservation processes by consumers.The authors wish to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the financial support (project AGL2011-30064-C02) and to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for the FPI grant given to Maria Hernandez Carrion. The authors also thank University of La Sabana for let Maria Hernandez Carrion to do a stay of research and for access to their materials and methods. Moreover, the authors wish to thank Elsevier for assistance with the English manuscriptHernández-Carrión, M.; Hernando Hernando, MI.; Sotelo-Díaz, I.; Quintanilla-Carvajal, M.; Quiles Chuliá, MD. (2015). Use of image analysis to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure and pasteurization as preservation treatments on the microstructure of red sweet pepper. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 27:69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.10.011S69782

Microstructural, physical, and sensory impact of starch, inulin and soy protein in low-fat gluten and lactose free white sauces

[EN] The microstructural, physical, and sensory properties of low-fat sauces made with different starches, soy protein, and inulin as a fat replacer were analyzed. Gluten-free waxy starches-rice and corn-were selected as well as soy protein to obtain sauces suitable for celiac and lactose intolerant consumers. Light microscopy was used to visualize the swollen starch granules dispersed in a protein-amylopectin-inulin phase. Inulin seemed to limit protein network development, which was related with a higher dispersion of starch granules within the sauce matrix. Therefore, the sauces made with inulin had a lower apparent viscosity (¿app) values (P < 0.05) in comparison with oil sauces. The sauces made with rice starches also exhibited a lower viscosity (P < 0.05) since these granules did not swell as corn granules do. All the sauces had a remarkable physical stability since there were no syneresis phenomena and color did not change significantly (P < 0.05) after 15 d of refrigeration storage (4 °C). Finally, the sensory test suggests that oil could be substituted by inulin in the preparation of low-fat sauces since no significant differences (P < 0.05) in texture and flavor were found. These results encourage further research to optimize the formulations of these types of alternative white sauces. Practical Application: Nowadays there is a great demand of ready-to-eat products due to new consumptions habits. In this context, it would be interesting to develop low-fat sauces with inulin that could be used in this type of products improving their nutritional profile. The requirement of processed food for specific groups of population, such as celiac and lactose intolerant consumers, makes it necessary to use gluten free starches and soy protein in the formulation of sauces. The characterization of structural, physical and sensory properties is required to understand the product acceptability and its behavior during its shelf life. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®.The authors are grateful for the FPU grant awarded to L. M. Guardeno and the economic support received from Univ. Politecnica de Valencia-project PAID-06-09-2871 and Generalitat Valenciana-project GV-2010/038.Guardeño Expósito, LM.; Hernando Hernando, MI.; Llorca Martínez, ME.; Hernández Carrión, M.; Quiles Chuliá, MD. (2012). Microstructural, physical, and sensory impact of starch, inulin and soy protein in low-fat gluten and lactose free white sauces. Journal of Food Science. 77(8):859-865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02798.xS85986577

Influence of Storage at 4°C on the Stability of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Onion

[EN] The effects of refrigerated storage on the microstructure and physicochemical properties of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treated onion were evaluated. Onion was submitted to 100 MPa at 50°C or 400 MPa at 25°C for 5 min, and stored for 28 days at 4°C. Electron microscopy techniques and light microscopy were used for the microstructural study. Total soluble phenolics, soluble protein percentage, and shear force were also studied. HHP treatments affected the cell wall and membrane permeability, favouring the diffusion of soluble material to the apoplast. Storage at 4°C also caused important structural degradation in the HHP-treated samples, which was higher when 400 MPa at 25°C were applied and led to physico-chemical changes during the first week of storage. Interactions between phenolics and solubilised cell wall material or proteins could explain the decrease in soluble phenolics and proteins during storage.Supported by the Spanish Government, Grant No. AGL2008-04-798-C02-02, and the Spanish Government and the UPV for two predoctoral grants.Vázquez Gutiérrez, JL.; Hernández Carrión, M.; Quiles Chuliá, MD.; Hernando Hernando, MI. (2014). Influence of Storage at 4°C on the Stability of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Onion. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 32(1):96-101. https://doi.org/10.17221/471/2012-CJFSS9610132

Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops

[EN] Currently, the main arthropod vectored pathogens associated with carrot and celery crop diseases are EiCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearumA ', Spiroplasma citri and different phytoplasma species. Mitigation strategies require elucidating whether these pathogens survive in the weeds of these Apiaceae crops, which can act as reservoirs. Weed surveys were conducted in a vegetative cycle (April to October 2012) in the spontaneous vegetation that surrounded crops affected by EiCa. L. solanacearumA ', S. citri and/or phytoplasmas. Sixty-three species of 53 genera that belong to 23 botanical families were collected in the main carrot and celery Spanish production area. Species were identified, estimating coverage and abundance, and conserved in herbarium. Samples were analysed by nested-PCR with universal primers for phytoplasmas detection, and were sequenced for identification purposes; by conventional PCR for S. citri and real-time PCR for EiCa. L. solanacearumA '. The only detected pathogens were EiCa. Phytoplasma trifoliiA ' (clover proliferation group 16Sr VI-A) in Amaranthus blitoides and Setaria adhaerens and EiCa. P. solaniA ' (stolbur group 16Sr XII-A) in Convolvulus arvensis. These pathogens were also sporadically detected in celery or carrot crops. Unexpectedly, neither EiCa. L. solanacearumA ' nor S. citri was detected in the weed samples, despite the relatively high prevalence of these pathogens (less than 66 % and 25 %, respectively) in the surveyed plots. This suggests that weeds do not play an epidemiological role as reservoirs in the spread of such organisms in the studied region. The use of pathogen-free seed lots and the control of vectors are crucial for preventing the introduction and spread of these economical important pathogens to new areas.This work has been supported by grant INIA (RTA2011-00142). G.R. Teresani was the recipient of a PhD grant from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Ministerio de Educacao, Brazil. This paper is dedicated to the memory of F.J. Villaescusa (1981-2011). The technical support of S. Sanjuan and J.C. Ferrandiz from Agricola Villena Coop. V. is acknowledged.Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Verdeguer Sancho, MM.; Rodríguez-León, F.; Ibañez, I.; Hernández, D.; Teresani, GR.; Bertolini, E.... (2017). Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 147(1):15-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0984-915201471Alfaro-Fernández, A., Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2012). First report of ˋCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum´ in carrots in mainland Spain. Plant Disease, 96, 582.Bertaccini, A., & Duduk, B. (2009). Phytoplasma and phytoplasma disease: a review of recent research. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 48, 355–378.Bertolini, E., Teresani, G. R., Loiseau, M., Tanaka, F. A. O., Barbé, S., Martínez, C., Gentit, P., López, M. M., & Cambrá, M. (2015). Transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in carrot seeds. Plant Pathology, 64, 276–285.Bové, J. M. (1986). Stubborn and its natural transmission in the Mediterranean area and the near east. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34, 15–23.Bové J. M., Fos A., Lallemand J., Raie A., Ali Y., Ahmed N. (1988). Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the old world. In: L. W. Timmer, S.M. Garnsey, L. Navarro, eds. Proceedings of the 10th International Organization of Citrus Virologist Conference, (295–299). Riverside, USA. (www.iocv.org/proceedings).Braun-Blanquet, J. (1932). Plant sociology: the study of plant communities (439 pp). New York: McGraw-Hill.Carretero, J. L. (2004). Flora arvense española (754 pp). Valencia: Las malas hierbas de los cultivos españoles. Phytoma Ed.Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Hermoso De Mendoza, A., Córdoba- Sellés, M. C., Jordá, C., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2010). First report of Spiroplasma citri in carrot in Europe. Plant Disease, 94, 1264.Davis, R. M., & Raid, R. N. (2002). Compendium of Umbelliferous crop disease (110 pp).American Phytopathological SocietyEmber, I., Acs, Z., Munyaneza, J. E., Crosslin, J. M., & Kolber, M. (2011). Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Rusia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130, 367–377.Fialová, R., Valová, P., Balakishiyevá, G., Danet, J. L., Safarová, D., Foissac, X., & Navratil, M. (2009). Genetic variability of stolbur phytoplasma in anual crop and wild plant species in South Moravia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91, 411–416.Fujiwara, K. (1987). Aims and methods of phytosociology or "vegetation science", Papers on plant ecology and taxonomy to the memory of Dr. Satoshi Nakanishi. pp. 607–628.Green, M. J., Thompson, D. A., & MacKenzie, D. J. (1999). Easy and efficient DNA extraction from Woody plants for the detection of Phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 83, 482–485.Gundersen, D. E., & Lee, I. M. (1996). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested- PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 144–151.Haapalanien, M. (2014). Biology and epidemics of Candidatus Liberibacter species, psyllid-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Applied Biology, 165, 172–198.Herbario de la Universidad Pública de Navarra. (2012). http://www.unavarra.es/herbario. Accessed 2012.Herbario Virtual del Mediterráneo Occidental. (2012). http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/. Accessed 2012.Flora Ibérica. (2012). http://www.floraiberica.org/. Accessed 2012.Jomantiene, R., Maas, J. L., Dally, E. L., Davis, R. E., & Postman, J. D. (1999). First report of clover proliferation Phytoplasma in strawberry. Plant Disease, 83, 967.Jomantiene, R., Postman, J. D., Montano, H. G., Maas, J. L., Davis, R. E., & Johnson, K. B. (2000). First report of clover yellow edge Phytoplasma in Corylus (hazelnut). Plant Disease, 84, 102.Lee, I. M., Gundersen-Rindal, D. E., Davis, R. E., & Bartoszyk, I. M. (1998). Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 48, 1153–1169.Lee, I. M., Dane, R. A., & Black, M. C. (2001). First report of a member of Aster yellows Phytoplasma group and of clover proliferation Phytoplasma group associated with onion in Texas. Plant Disease, 85, 448.Lee, I. M., Bottner, K. D., Miklas, P. N., & Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2004). Clover proliferation group (16SrVI) subgroup a (16SrVI-A) Phytoplasma is a probable causal agent of dry bean Phyllody disease in Washington. Plant Disease, 88, 429–429.Mateo, G., & Crespo, M. (2009). Manual Para la determinación de la flora valenciana (4ª ed.507 pp). Alicante: Librería Compás.Ed.Murphy, A. F., Cating, R. A., Goyer, A., Hamm, P. B., & Rondon, S. I. (2014). First report of natural infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in the Columbia Basin of eastern Oregon. Plant Disease, 94, 1425.Nejat, N., Vadamalai, G., & Dickinson, M. (2011). Spiroplasma citri: a wide host range phytopathogen. Plant Pathology Journal, 10, 46–56.Schneider, B., Seemüller, E., Smart, C. D., & Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1995). Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. In S. Razin & J. G. Tully (Eds.), Molecular and diagnostic procedures in mycoplasmology (Vol. Vol.I, pp. 369–380). San Diego: Academic Press.Teresani, G., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernandez, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A., Kitajima, E., Rosello, M., Sanjuan, S., Ferrandiz, J. C., López, M. M., Cambra, M., & Font-San-Ambrosio, M. I. (2014). Association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection. Phytopahology, 104, 804–811.Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., & Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potencial vectors of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’: population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e10–002.Flora Vascular. (2012). http://www.floravascular.com/. Accessed 2012.Weed Science Society of America. (2012). http://wssa.net/weed/weed-identification/. Accessed 2012.Yokomi, R. K., Mello, A. F. S., Saponari, M., & Fletcher, J. (2008). Polymerase chain reactionbased detection of Spiroplasma citri associated with citrus stubborn disease. Plant Disease, 92, 253–260

Millora genètica de la tomaca "valenciana d'El Perelló" per a resistència al virus del mosaic de la tomaca (Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)

[CA] La tomaca tradicional valenciana és apreciada per les seues propietats organolèptiques que li atorguen un elevat interès comercial. En concret la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ és cada vegada més apreciada en les superfícies comercials. Aquesta tomaca presenta diferents trets morfològics, agronòmics i de qualitat que la fan atractiva per al llaurador i per al consumidor. No obstant, de vegades presenta problemes d’uniformitat de producció, així com d’altres característiques importants. D’altra banda, aquesta varietat presenta una elevada susceptibilitat a malalties com la causada pel virus del mosaic de la tomaca (ToMV). Així, una forma molt interessant de potenciar aquest cultiu tan valencià, és obtenir varietats més uniformes així com resistents al ToMV. En aquest treball és du a terme tant un programa de selecció així como un programa de millora genètica de la resistència al ToMV de la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’. Es pretén per una banda augmentar la uniformitat de producció i la presencia de trets característics d’aquesta varietat, a la vegada que s’introgressa el gen Tm22 de resistència al ToMV.[EN] Tomato traditional Valencian is appreciated for its organoleptic properties that confer a high commercial interest. In particular the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ is increasingly appreciated in the stores. This tomato has different morphological, agronomic and quality traits that make it attractive to the farmer and the consumer. However, sometimes presents problems of uniformity of production, as well as other important features. Moreover, this variety has a high susceptibility to diseases such as caused by the Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Thus, a very interesting way of promoting this Valencian crop, is to achieve more uniform and varieties resistant ToMV. In this work is carried out both a program selection as well as a program of genetic improvement of resistance to ToMV of the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’. It is intended on the one hand to increase production and uniformity of the characteristics of this variety, while incorporating Tm22 resistance gene ToMV.Aquest treball ha sigut financiat per la Cooperativa Valenciana Unió Protectora d’El Perelló i per el programa d’investigació e innovació Horizonte 2020 de la Unió Europea a través del contrat No. 634561 (TRADITOM)Figás Moreno, MDR.; Martín Hernández, MDLD.; Casanova Calancha, C.; Soler Calabuig, E.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Soler Aleixandre, S. (2020). Millora genètica de la tomaca "valenciana d'El Perelló" per a resistència al virus del mosaic de la tomaca (Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV). En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 115-127. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6525OCS11512

Estudi de la distribució de quallat en distintes seleccions masals de la "tomaca valenciana d'El Perelló"

[CA] En els últims anys, ha cobrat importància l'interès pel cultiu de les varietats tradicionals d’hortalisses. No obstant això, aquestes presenten una falta de estudis de caracterització i tipificació. Aquests són imprescindibles per detectar factors que dificulten la seua explotació, així com per emprendre programes de millora de les mateixes per augmentar la seva competitivitat i rendibilitat. En aquest treball s'han caracteritzat 3 poblacions de tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’. L'objectiu ha estat obtenir informació fenotípica de rellevància en aquest tipus de tomaca. Aquesta informació està sent molt útil per a la seua millora genètica. Així, hem pogut constatar que les poblacions emprades de tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ es caracteritzen per presentar fruits del tipus “masclet” amb una freqüència elevada i un nivell productiu molt acceptable. La menor productivitat de les seleccions assajades en comparació amb el control comercial pareix ser deguda a una concentració de la producció en els 2-3 primers pomells de la planta; i una caiguda dràstica del quallat en els pomells superiors. No obstant, en el programa de selecció i millora de la tomaca ‘Valenciana d’El Perelló’ que s’està realitzant es disposa de seleccions amb una freqüència de masclets molta elevada y una distribució de quallat molt més uniforme.[EN] In recent years, has taken important interest in the cultivation of traditional varieties of vegetables. However, these studies show a lack of characterization and classification. These are essential to identify factors that hinder their operation, as well as to undertake programs to improve them to increase their competitiveness and profitability. In this work we have characterized three populations of ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ tomato. The aim has been phenotypic information relevant in this type of tomato. This information has been very useful for their breeding. Thus, we have found that the populations used for ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ tomato are characterized by fruits such as "Masclet" with a high frequency and very productive level acceptable. The lower productivity of the teams tested compared to commercial control seems to be due to a concentration of production in the first 2-3 Pomells plant; and a drastic fall in mincemeat Pomells superiors. However, the program of selection and improvement of the tomato ‘Valenciana d’El Perello’ being made available to teams with a much higher frequency masclets and distribution of more uniform fruit set.Este treball ha sido financiat por la Cooperativa Valenciana Unió Protectora d’El Perelló y por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea a través del contrato No. 634561 (TRADITOM)Figás Moreno, MDR.; Martín Hernández, MDLD.; Casanova Calancha, C.; Soler Calabuig, E.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Soler Aleixandre, S. (2020). Estudi de la distribució de quallat en distintes seleccions masals de la "tomaca valenciana d'El Perelló". En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 73-83. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6523OCS738

Gamificación en Ingeniería Informática: diseño de un juego de cartas para aplicar la legislación de protección de datos de carácter personal

Ramón Fernández, F.; Oltra Gutiérrez, JV.; Bosch-Roig, P.; Cabedo Mallol, V.; Casar Furió, ME.; Gimenez-Chornet, V.; Hernández-Guijarro, F.... (2021). Gamificación en Ingeniería Informática: diseño de un juego de cartas para aplicar la legislación de protección de datos de carácter personal. Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Informàtica. 72-76. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/177481S727