Clinical and laboratory findings in a cowpox virus outbreak affecting a colony of 13 banded mongooses (<i>Mungos mungo</i>) and 2 jaguarundis (<i>Herppailurus yagouaroundi</i>) at Krefeld Zoo, Germany. Skin, lung, liver, tongue, spleen and feces were tested by real-time PCR; blood by IFAT.

<p>Positive virus isolates:</p>1<p>CPXV MonKre08/1,</p>2<p>CPXV MonKre08/2,</p>3<p>CPXV MonKre08/3,</p>4<p>CPXV JagKre08/1,</p>5<p>Sera were collected on the day of death,</p>6<p>Sera and skin scrapings collected on 20 Feb 2008,</p>7<p>J#2 also PCR positive for lymph nodes, larynx and colon,</p>8<p>Poxvirus infection verified by histology,</p><p>M: mongoose, J: jaguarondi.</p><p>IFAT: Indirect fluorescence antibody test detecting specific anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies with protein G (mongoose) or α-feline (jaguarundi) as secondary antibodies, the reciprocal titer is given.</p

Severe cowpox lesion on the patient's chin caused by the identical virus strain that was isolated from deceased mongooses and jaguarundis.

<p>Severe cowpox lesion on the patient's chin caused by the identical virus strain that was isolated from deceased mongooses and jaguarundis.</p

Characteristics of cowpox virus isolates and orthopoxvirus reference strains.

<p>CPXV: cowpox virus, VACV: vaccinia virus, CMLV: camelpox virus, MPXV: monkeypox virus, ECTV: ectromelia virus, VARV: variola virus.</p><p>nk: not known.</p

CPXV infected exotic animals (except <i>Muroidae</i>).

<p>nk: not known.</p

Histopathological and electron microscopical examination.

<p>(A) Multiple circumscribed, elevated, pale red, plaque-like foci in the lung of mongoose #1, (B) HE-stained skin lesion of mongoose #1 showing multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (arrows) and mild ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells associated with focal severe necrotizing dermatitis with neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacellular infiltrates, (C) HE-stained liver section of mongoose #1 showing severe necrosis with hemorrhage and mild inflammatory infiltration and degenerating hepatocytes with multiple intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (arrow), (D) HE-stained lung section of mongoose #1 showing a bronchiolus with markedly hyperplastic epithelium and focal obliterating proliferation undergoing necrosis. Negative-stain electron microscopy revealing typical orthopoxvirus-like particles in skin lesion material of mongoose #1 (E) and jaguarundi #1 (F).</p

Orthopoxvirus-specific antibody titers, measured by IFAT, in animals at Zoo Krefeld, Germany, before and after intramuscular vaccination with modified VACV Ankara (MVA).

<p>Date of sera sampling: ¹24 May 2007, ²12 Dec 2007, ³30 Jan 2008, ⁴29 Jun 2007, ⁵14 Mar 2007.</p><p>Date of first vaccination: ⁶03/05–25/08.</p><p>Date of second vaccination: ⁷11 Apr 2008–7 May 2008.</p><p>Secondary antibodies: ⁸α-feline, ⁹Protein A/G, ¹⁰α-canine, ¹¹Protein A.</p><p>IFAT: Indirect fluorescence antibody test detecting specific anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies, the reciprocal titer is given.</p><p>n.d.  =  not done.</p

Lesions on mongooses #1 and #8.

<p>(A) Acute lesions on the head of mongoose #1 with a generalized infection and (B) subacute to chronic epidermal lesions with scarring on the body of mongoose #8.</p

High throughput detection of by real-time PCR with internal control system and automated DNA preparation-1

the y-axis. "+" in "cell isolation" means isolation success as confirmed by detection of inclusion bodies upon microscopy. B, box plot analysis of threshold cycle values in real-time PCR positive/conventional negative (n = 32) and real-time PCR positive/conventional PCR positive (n = 38) samples. Difference in threshold cycle values are significant (p < 0.05).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "High throughput detection of by real-time PCR with internal control system and automated DNA preparation"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/77</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():77-77.</p><p>Published online 19 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2397412.</p><p></p

Virulence of CPXVs, virus distribution in tissues and cytokine levels in the sera.

<p>Animals were challenged intranasally with 10,000 PFU/mouse with VACV-WR, CPXV-BR, CPXV-GER1980-EP4, CPXV-GER1991-3, CPXV-AUS1999-867 and CPXV-FIN2000-MAN (13 mice per group). (<b>A</b>) Body weight evolution, survival curves of each group are given, and are representative of two independent experiments. *** (p<0.001), the body weight of uninfected animals differs significantly from that of infected mice (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) associated with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). (<b>B</b>) Viral loads in sera and organs (left graph) and lung virus titers (right graph) are shown. The virus strain is indicated on top of each graph. Viral loads were determined by qPCR and are expressed as log₁₀ DNA copy numbers per 50 µl of serum or per g of tissue for liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, MLNs and ovaries. Lung virus titers are shown in log₁₀ PFU per g of lung tissue. Four individual mice per group and per time point were used. Symbols: 4 dpi (•) and 7 dpi (○), and dashed line represents the limit of detection. (<b>C</b>) IL-6 production in the sera of mice is shown. Sera were collected at day 7 pi after exposure to PBS or to virus. Data are the median ± interquartile range (<i>n</i>  = 4 or 5 mice for each group). *<i>p = </i>0.0179, IL-6 level of virus-infected mice differs significantly from that of the uninfected group by Mann-Whitney test.</p

Cowpox viruses (CPXVs) used in the present study [for references, see (16)].

<p>Cowpox viruses (CPXVs) used in the present study [for references, see (16)].</p