ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WATER APPLE (Syzygium aqueum) FRUIT ANDFRAGRANT MANGO (Mangifera odorata) FRUIT

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of fruit of water apple and fragrant mango against 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl as a free radical.Methods: This study was conducted by visible spectrophotometry.Results: The water apple and fragrant mango contain reducing compounds including vitamin C. The vitamin C content of water apple and fragrant mango fruit was 0.087% (w/w) and 0.050% (w/w), respectively. The inhibitory concentration 50% value of fresh fruit of water apple and fragrant mango was 4.857 μg/ml and 4.379 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of water apple fruit was higher than fragrant mango fruit

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AGAINST PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the gel of garlic juice as anti-acne to facilitate the topical usage.Methods: The steps of this study consisted of extraction, gel formulations with various concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gel evaluation, i.e., organoleptic, viscosity, pH, skin irritation test, hedonic test, and anti-acne activity assay against Propionibacterium acnes.Results: The garlic juice contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The different concentrations of CMC produce different physicochemistry properties of the gels. These properties were affected the gels stability, anti-acne activity, and the panelis perception on hedonic test.Conclusion: The garlic juice at 7.5% has anti-acne activity to P. acnes, and the gel of 3% CMC is the most stable and preferable

Comparative Antioxidant Activity on The Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata Leaves

Antioxidants can prevent free radical formation. Natural antioxidants found in many plants, such as Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata leaves against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl. The steps of this study consist of extraction, fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity determination, and comparing the IC50 values. Percentage scavenging activity of the extracts and fractions against DPPH was calculated to determine the antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of Ficus benjamina was 127.86 ppm for ethanolic extract, 94.01 ppm for water fraction, 115.48 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 335.50 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The IC50 value of Annona reticulata was 274.31 ppm for ethanolic extract, 211.42 ppm for water fraction, 367.91 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 741.08 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The results showed that the Ficus benjamina water fraction was the best antioxidant compared to other extract and fraction

TOTAL FLAVONOIDS CONTENT IN ACIDIFIED EXTRACT OF FLOWERS AND LEAVES OF GARDENIA (GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS)

ABSTRACTBackground: Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) contains secondary metabolites which responsible for pharmacological activities such as flavonoids. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the total flavonoids content (TFC) in the flowers and leaves of gardenia (G. jasminoides Ellis)which macerated with acidified ethanol.Method: The method was the colorimetric of a colored complex between flavonoid with aluminum chloride.Results: The results showed that the highest TFC in the flowers (0.078% w/w) was obtained in a mixture solvent of ethanol and acetic acid, whereasin the leaves (0.090% w/w) was obtained in ethanol.Conclusion: There is no correlation between acidified ethanol and TFC in gardenia flowers and leaves.Keywords: Maceration, Acidified ethanol, Colorimetric, Aluminum chloride

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND QUANTIFICATION OF MAJOR FLAVONOID IN LEAVES OF PERESKIA BLEO (KUNTH) DC

Objective: This study aimed to isolate, identify, and quantify major flavonoid in P. bleo leaves from West Java Regency, Indonesia. Methods: Isolation began with maceration, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and various chromatographic separations. Identification of isolates was carried out using 2D TLC and shifting reagents. Quantification was determined with the colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that extract, ethyl acetate, and distilled water fractions contain flavonoids. The flavonoid screening showed positive results for flavonols. The vacuum liquid chromatography separated 21 sub-fractions; the 12th and 13th sub-fractions were predicted to contain flavonols. Conclusion: The novelty of this study was the isolation and identification of the major flavonoid of P. bleo leaves originating from West Java Regency, Indonesia, i.e. catechin. The content of the compound was 3.795±0.096 g QE/ml with a purity of 94.89%

NATURAL INHIBITOR OF AGRONOMICALLY REPELLENT PLANT TOWARDS CLINICAL ISOLATE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANT-SALMONELLA TYPHI

Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repellent plants i.e. The leaves of kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides), grass teki (Cyperus Cyperus rotundus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and suren (Toona sureni) towards S. typhi clinical isolate. Methods: The ethanolic extracts of sixt plants were obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done using the standard methods as described by Farnsworth. The inhibition of the repellent leaves ethanolic extracts to chloramphenicol resistant-S. typhi clinical isolate assayed using the agar diffusion method and statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The most potential plant was further determined by investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value using the microdilution test. Results: As the result, all ethanolic leaves extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, except that tannins were not found in C. rotundus and A. conyzoides. However, all extracts had the activity to inhibit the growth of S. typhi. T. sureni leaves extract evidently showed the strongest inhibition with MIC value in the range of 1.5625<x≤3.125 mg/ml and the MBC value in the range of 6.25<x≤12.5 mg/ml. The ratio of MBC/MIC≤4, thus, T. sureni leaf extract may be classified as a strong bactericidal agent. Conclusion: In summary, T. sureni extract leaves achieved the most appreciable value of MIC MBC and considered as the bactericidal agent which has strong potential to be a novel anti-typhoid fever agent

INTERAKSI MOLEKULAR DARI RICIN-A DENGAN Beclin-1, LC3, DAN p62 PADA PROSES AUTOFAGI

Autofagi merupakan proses adaptasi yang dilakukan sebagai pertahanan dalam respon seluler, seperti kekurangan nutrisi atau stress metabolik lain. Mekanisme autofagi diregulasi oleh protein yang dinamakan Autophagy-Related Genes (ATG). Autofagi juga telah banyak dikaitkan dengan berbagai penyakit pada manusia, misalnya kanker atau penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Ricin merupakan protein toksik yang berasal dari biji jarak Ricinus communis L. dan banyak dieksplorasi untuk aktivitas antikanker melalui jalur pensinyalan caspase (apoptosis), namun belum ada penelitian pada jalur autofagi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menelaah mode ikatan yang terjadi antara ricin-A dan protein-protein yang berperan pada setiap tahap proses autofagi (Beclin-1, LC3 atau Light Chain 3, dan p62/Sequistrosome1). Metode yang digunakan adalah simulasi penambatan protein-protein menggunakan server online ClusPro (https://cluspro.org). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ricin-A dapat berinteraksi dengan Beclin-1. LC3, dan p62 melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dengan afinitas baik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ricin-A berperan penting dalam proses autofagi dan dapat dikembangkan menjadi fitofarmaka terapi kanker

Kadar Fenolik Total, Kadar Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Varietas Pemalang

Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. varietas Pemalang merupakan buah yang dapat dikonsumsi dalam bentuk segar maupun olahannya. Nanas yang terdapat di Indonesia sangat bervariasi, salah satunya adalah varietas Pemalang. Nanas varietas Pemalang memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan buah nanas lainnya. Buah nanas memiliki bagian yang dapat dibuang seperti kulit dan menjadikannya sebagai limbah. Kulit nanas diketahui mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang bermanfaat seperti vitamin C, karotenoid, dan flavonoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah nanas dan mengetahui kadar fenolik total, flavonoid, dan aktivitas antioksidannya. Kulit buah nanas diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%, penetapan kadar fenolik total menggunakan pembanding asam galat, sedangkan penetapan kadar flavonoid menggunakan pembanding kuersetin, Uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode penghambatan radikal bebas DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Metode Folin-Ciocalteu digunakan untuk menentukan kadar fenolik, sementara metode Chang digunakan untuk menentukan kadar flavonoid. Kadar fenolik total dan flavonoid dari penelitian ini berturut-turut adalah 63,44 mg GAE/g; 50,43 mg QE/g. Sementara nilai IC50 untuk aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak kulit buah nanas sebesar 296,97 ppm yang termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat lemah

ANALISIS KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL PADA RIMPANG, BATANG, DAN DAUN BANGLE (Zingiber purpureum Roscoe)

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian analisis kadar flavonoid total pada rimpang, batang, dan daun Bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roscoe) dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% serta etanol 96% : HCl 12N dengan perbandingan (98 : 2) ; (96 : 4) dan (94 : 6). Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan pembentukan senyawa kompleks flavonoid - AlCl3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga bagian tanaman bangle (rimpang, batang, dan daun) mengandung flavonoid. Pelarut etanol 96% menghasilkan kadar flavonoid pada rimpang sebesar 0,00657% ; batang sebesar 0,00662% dan daun sebesar 0,00613%. Pelarut etanol 96% : HCl 12 N (98 : 2) menghasilkan kadar flavonoid pada rimpang, batang dan daun sebesar (0,00632% ; 0,00662% ; dan 0,00575%). Pelarut etanol 96% : HCl 12 N (96 : 4) menghasilkan kadar flavonoid pada rimpang, batang dan daun sebesar (0,00662% ; 0,00667% ; dan 0,00566%) sedangkan pelarut etanol 96% : HCl 12 N (94 : 6) menghasilkan kadar flavonoid total pada rimpang, batang dan daun sebesar (0,00683% ; 0,00665% ; dan 0,00628%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar flavonoid paling tinggi terdapat pada bagian batang. Kata kunci : Bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roscoe), flavonoid total, spektroskopi UV-Vi