The Normal Red-Letter, volume 3, number 3, December (1901)

https://red.mnstate.edu/normalredletter/1013/thumbnail.jp

Can L2 sentence processing strategies be native-like? Evidence from English speakers’ L2 processing of Chinese base-generated-topic sentences

This article reports on an empirical study examining English speakers’ L2 processing of Chinese base-generated-topic (BGT) sentences. Forty-four highly proficient English-speaking L2 learners of Chinese and 23 native Chinese speakers were involved in the study. Results of a self-paced reading task reveal that both native Chinese speakers’ and L2 Chinese learners’ processing of Chinese BGT sentences is syntactically induced in a top-down manner. English speakers are sensitive to and are able to make use of syntactic cues as well as semantic information in their processing of Chinese BGT sentences. The study provides disconfirming evidence against the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (Clahsen and Felser, 2006a,b), which predicts that unlike native speakers, L2 learners do not rely on structure-based processing strategies when solving ambiguities in L2 sentence processing

Comparisons of muscle strength between COPD and the reference group, mean of adjusted muscle strength during maximum isometric contraction.

Comparisons of muscle strength between COPD and the reference group, mean of adjusted muscle strength during maximum isometric contraction.</p

Comparisons of postural control between COPD and reference group: Mean of adjusted maximum amplitudes during static trials and limits of stability.

Comparisons of postural control between COPD and reference group: Mean of adjusted maximum amplitudes during static trials and limits of stability.</p

Coefficient plot of the OPLS-regression model with AP LoS (maximum anteroposterior amplitude in limits of stability test) as outcome, in the COPD group.

Notes: The direction of the coefficients represent positive or negative associations with increased sway amplitude. Variables have been centered and scaled for unit variance. Error bars (95% confidence interval) not including zero indicate significant coefficients. Abbreviations: FEV1% pred, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percent of predicted; L, Left; R, Right; JPS, Joint position sense, HGS, Hand grip strength, Hip ext, Hip extension; Hip abd, Hip abduction; Knee ext, Knee extension, Knee flx, Knee flexion; Ankle pla, Ankle plantar flexion; Ankle dor, Ankle dorsiflexion.</p

Flow chart over the recruitment of the study sample.

Notes: 1Post bronchodilator FEV1/VC 1% of predicted68 years old, living in Luleå, Boden or Piteå municipality. 2Individuals who denied participation or could not be located. 3 Individuals not fulfilling the additional inclusion criteria, including adequate vision to read 100 pt font size, ability to stand unassisted for at least 30 seconds, and to understand and process simple instructions. 4FEV1/VC 5n = 20 from OLIN COPD study, n = 2 from BAHRT study.</p

Comparisons of sensory measures and reaction time between COPD and the reference group.

Comparisons of sensory measures and reaction time between COPD and the reference group.</p

Basic characteristics of COPD and the reference group.

Basic characteristics of COPD and the reference group.</p

Coefficient plot of the OPLS-regression model with AP LoS (maximum anteroposterior amplitude in the limits of stability test) as outcome, in the reference group.

Notes: The direction of the coefficients represent positive or negative associations with increased sway amplitude. Variables have been centered and scaled for unit variance. Error bars (95% confidence interval) not including zero indicate significant coefficients. Abbreviations: FEV1% pred, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percent of predicted; L, Left; R, Right; JPS, Joint position sense, HGS, Hand grip strength, Hip ext, Hip extension; Hip abd, Hip abduction; Knee ext, Knee extension, Knee flx, Knee flexion; Ankle pla, Ankle plantar flexion; Ankle dor, Ankle dorsiflexion.</p

Coefficient plot of the OPLS-regression model with ML UEO (maximum mediolateral amplitude in unstable eyes open trial) as outcome, in the COPD group.

Notes: The direction of the coefficients represent positive or negative associations with increased sway amplitude. Variables have been centered and scaled for unit variance. Error bars (95% confidence interval) not including zero indicate significant coefficients. Abbreviations: FEV1% pred, Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percent of predicted; L, Left; R, Right; JPS, Joint position sense, HGS, Hand grip strength, Hip ext, Hip extension; Hip abd, Hip abduction; Knee ext, Knee extension, Knee flx, Knee flexion; Ankle pla, Ankle plantar flexion; Ankle dor, Ankle dorsiflexion.</p